<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">msuecon</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского университета. Серия 6. Экономика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lomonosov Economics Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0130-0105</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MSUPRESS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55959/MSU0130-0105-6-60-2-4</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">msuecon-1507</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МИРОВАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>WORLD ECONOMY STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Мировая энергетика: современные вызовы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>World energy system: modern challenges</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0204-5888</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сечин</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sechin</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сечин Игорь Иванович — к.э.н., Главный исполнительный директор</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rs_gataullin@rosneft.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НК «Роснефть»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Rosneft</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>60</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сечин И.И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сечин И.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sechin I.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://msuecon.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1507">https://msuecon.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1507</self-uri><abstract><p>Целью данной статьи выступает выявление структурных изменений, происходящих в настоящее время в мировой энергосистеме, и их взаимосвязи с геополитическими и экономическими процессами. Исследование опирается на методы системного и экономического анализа, систему экспертных оценок, а также общенаучные методы изучения экономических явлений, включая анализ исторических источников, временны х рядов, а также метод аналогий. В статье показано, что призывы сторонников ускоренного энергетического перехода отказаться от использования ископаемого топлива недостаточно обоснованы с научной точки зрения и практически нереалистичны. Также в статье охарактеризован ряд происходящих в настоящее время процессов крупномасштабной геополитической трансформации, воздействующих на мировую энергетическую систему, таких как снижение доминирования промышленно развитых стран в мировой экономике, торговле и технологической сфере, ослабление роли американского доллара как международной резервной валюты. Отмечены стратегическое значение российской ресурсной базы ископаемых углеводородов и ее вклад в долгосрочную энергобезопасность Евразии. Показано, что продолжение роста мирового спроса на ископаемое топливо неизбежно: повышение уровня жизни населения развивающихся стран наряду с развитием центров обработки данных потребует устойчивого наращивания энергопотребления в мире. Обладая большей энергоемкостью, транспортабельностью и плотностью потока энергии, ископаемое топливо значительно превосходит возобновляемые источники энергии по эффективности инвестиций, и потому углеводороды продолжат занимать центральное место в мировой энергосистеме. Полученные результаты исследования указывают на необходимость отказа в государственной политике и корпоративных стратегиях от утопических сценариев энергоперехода в пользу прагматичных решений, учитывающих текущие технологические и экономические реалии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the article is to identify current structural changes in the world energy system and their relation to geopolitical and economic processes. The research is based on the methods of systemic and economic analysis, the expert assessment system, and general research methods used to study economic phenomena, including analysis of historical records, time series, and the analogy method. The article demonstrates that the calls of proponents of an accelerated energy transition to abandon the use of fossil fuels are not scientifically sound and are practically unrealistic. The article also examines a number of ongoing processes of large-scale geopolitical transformation that affect the global energy system, such as declining global dominance of industrialized countries in economy, trade and technology, and the weakening role of the US dollar as an international reserve currency. A special emphasis is given to the strategic importance of Russia's hydrocarbon resource base and its contribution to the long-term energy security of Eurasia. The continued growth in global demand for fossil fuels is inevitable as rising living standards in developing countries, coupled with the development of data centers, will drive a steady increase in global energy consumption. With greater energy intensity, transportability and energy flow density, fossil fuels are far superior to renewables in terms of investment efficiency, and therefore hydrocarbons will continue to hold a central position in the global energy system. The research findings emphasize the need to give up utopian energy transition scenarios embedded in state policies and corporate strategies in favor of pragmatic solutions based on current technological and economic realities.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мировая энергетика</kwd><kwd>энергетическая безопасность</kwd><kwd>энергоресурсы</kwd><kwd>нефть</kwd><kwd>мировая экономика</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>world energy</kwd><kwd>energy security</kwd><kwd>energy resources</kwd><kwd>oil</kwd><kwd>world economy</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андрианов, В. Д. (2021). Современные тренды в трансформации глобальной банковской и финансовой инфраструктуры. Россия: тенденции и перспективы развития, (16-1), 17–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andrianov, V. D. (2021). Sovremennye trendy v transformacii global’noj bankovskoj i fi nansovoj infrastruktury. Rossija: tendencii i perspektivy razvitija, (16-1), 17–31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Богданов, А. Н. (2022). Гегемония США и проблема легитимации доминирования в международной политике: к переосмыслению западных концепций. Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право, 15(3), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.31249/kgt/2022.03.03</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogdanov, A. N. (2022). Gegemonij a SShA i problema legitimacii dominirovanij a v mezhdunarodnoj politike: k pereosmyslenij u zapadnyh koncepcij . Kontury global’nyh transformacij: politika, jekonomika, pravo, 15(3), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.31249/kgt/2022.03.03</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Владимиров, Ю. Л., &amp; Шерешева, М. Ю. (2025). Лидерство США в области искусственного интеллекта: есть ли угроза со стороны стран БРИКС? США и Канада: экономика, политика, культура, (1(661)), 53–73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oficial’nyj sajt Prezidenta Rossii. (2024). Vstrecha s predstaviteljami SMI stran — chlenov BRIKS [Press release]. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/75349</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Официальный сайт Президента России (2024). Встреча с представителями СМИ стран — членов БРИКС [Press release]. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/75349</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sechin, I. I. (2024). Rossij a kak garant mirovoj jenergeticheskoj bezopasnosti v uslovij ah geopoliticheskogo sdviga. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Jekonomika, 40(4), 607– 629. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2024.405</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сечин, И. И. (2024). Россия как гарант мировой энергетической безопасности в условиях геополитического сдвига. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Экономика, 40(4), 607–629. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2024.405</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sechin, I. I. (2023). Prichiny i posledstvij a pereformatirovanij a mirovogo jenergeticheskogo rynka. Neftjanoe hozjajstvo, 8, 6–11. https://doi.org/10.24887/0028-2448-2023-8-6-11</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сечин, И. И. (2023). Причины и последствия переформатирования мирового энергетического рынка. Нефтяное хозяйство, 8, 6–11. https://doi.org/10.24887/0028-2448-2023-8-6-11</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vladimirov Y. L., &amp; Sheresheva M. Y. (2025). Liderstvo SShA v oblasti iskusstvennogo intellekta: est’ li ugroza so storony stran BRIKS? SShA i Kanada: jekonomika, politika, kul’tura, (1(661)), 53–73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buchner, B., Naran, B., Padmanabhi, R., Stout, S., Strinati, C., Wignarajah, D., Dharshan; Miao, G., Connolly, J., &amp; Marini, N. (2023). Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2023. Climate Policy Initiative. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Global-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-2023.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buchner, B., Naran, B., Padmanabhi, R., Stout, S., Strinati, C., Wignarajah, D., Dharshan; Miao, G., Connolly, J., &amp; Marini, N. (2023). Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2023. Climate Policy Initiative. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Global-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-2023.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cefi c (2023). The European Chemical Industry Council. The journey of petrochemicals explained: from raw materials to 95% of all manufactured goods. https://cefic.org/mediacorner/newsroom/the-journey-of-petrochemicals-explained-from-raw-materials-to-95-ofall-manufactured-goods/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cefic (2023). The European Chemical Industry Council. The journey of petrochemicals explained: from raw materials to 95% of all manufactured goods. https://cefic.org/mediacorner/newsroom/the-journey-of-petrochemicals-explained-from-raw-materials-to-95-ofall-manufactured-goods/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen, Y. (2024). China’s woes make Plaza Accord 2.0 less outlandish.Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/chinas-woes-make-plaza-accord-20-less-outlandish-2024-10-17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen, Y. (2024). China’s woes make Plaza Accord 2.0 less outlandish.Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/chinas-woes-make-plaza-accord-20-less-outlandish-2024-10-17</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chu, A., White, A., &amp; Basarkar, R. (2024). Delays hit 40% of Biden’s major IRA manufacturing projects. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/afb729b9-964142b2-97ca-93974c461c4c</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chu, A., White, A., &amp; Basarkar, R. (2024). Delays hit 40% of Biden’s major IRA manufacturing projects. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/afb729b9-964142b2-97ca-93974c461c4c</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clauser, J. (2024). The cloud thermostat is dominant climate controlling mechanism that stabilizes Earth’s climate; the IPCC catastrophe narrative is a myth. The Irish Climate Science Forum and Climate Intelligence. Lecture Series 2024. https://www.icsf.ie/lecture-series-2024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clauser, J. (2024). The cloud thermostat is dominant climate controlling mechanism that stabilizes Earth’s climate; the IPCC catastrophe narrative is a myth. The Irish Climate Science Forum and Climate Intelligence. Lecture Series 2024. https://www.icsf.ie/lecture-series-2024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deese, B. (2024). The Case for a Clean Energy Marshall Plan. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/case-clean-energy-marshall-plan-deese</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deese, B. (2024). The Case for a Clean Energy Marshall Plan. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/case-clean-energy-marshall-plan-deese</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Department of Energy (DOE) and National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioner. (2005). Liquefied Natural Gas: Understanding the Basic Facts. http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Department of Energy (DOE) and National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioner. (2005). Liquefied Natural Gas: Understanding the Basic Facts. http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Devillers, E., &amp; Mousseau, F. (2023).War and Theft: The Takeover of Ukraine’s Agricultural Land. The Oakland Institute. https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/war-theft-takeover-ukraineagricultural-land</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Devillers, E., &amp; Mousseau, F. (2023).War and Theft: The Takeover of Ukraine’s Agricultural Land. The Oakland Institute. https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/war-theft-takeover-ukraineagricultural-land</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ditch, D., &amp; Stern, R. (2023). The Road to Inflation: How an Unprecedented Federal Spending Spree Created Economic Turmoil. Special report Budget and Spending. The Heritage Foundation. https://www.heritage.org/sites/default/files/2023-10/SR276.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ditch, D., &amp; Stern, R. (2023). The Road to Inflation: How an Unprecedented Federal Spending Spree Created Economic Turmoil. Special report Budget and Spending. The Heritage Foundation. https://www.heritage.org/sites/default/files/2023-10/SR276.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dlouhy, J. A. (2024). China Extends Clean-Tech Dominance Over US Despite Biden’s IRA. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2024-04-16/chinaextends-clean-tech-dominance-over-us-despite-biden-s-ira-blueprint</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dlouhy, J. A. (2024). China Extends Clean-Tech Dominance Over US Despite Biden’s IRA. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2024-04-16/chinaextends-clean-tech-dominance-over-us-despite-biden-s-ira-blueprint</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donaldson, C., Morrissey, J., &amp; Farr, J. (2024). Climate Finance Unchecked: How much does the World Bank know about the climate actions it claims? Oxfam. https://doi:10.21201/2024.000041</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donaldson, C., Morrissey, J., &amp; Farr, J. (2024). Climate Finance Unchecked: How much does the World Bank know about the climate actions it claims? Oxfam. https://doi:10.21201/2024.000041</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Energy Institute (2024). Statistical Review of World Energy 2024. [Data set] Energy Institute, London. https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/home</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Energy Institute (2024). Statistical Review of World Energy 2024. [Data set] Energy Institute, London. https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/home</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Exarheas, A. (2024). JP Morgan Analysts Don’t See a Peak in Oil Demand Through 2035. Rigzone Staff, 21 October. https://www.rigzone.com/news/jp_morgan_analysts_dont_see_a_peak_in_oil_demand_through_2035-21-oct-2024-178488-article/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Exarheas, A. (2024). JP Morgan Analysts Don’t See a Peak in Oil Demand Through 2035. Rigzone Staff, 21 October. https://www.rigzone.com/news/jp_morgan_analysts_dont_see_a_peak_in_oil_demand_through_2035-21-oct-2024-178488-article/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fajgelbaum, P. D., &amp; Khandelwal, A. K. (2022). The economic impacts of the US-China trade war. Annual Review of Economics, 14(1), 205–228. https://doi.org/10.1146/annureveconomics-051420-110410</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fajgelbaum, P. D., &amp; Khandelwal, A. K. (2022). The economic impacts of the US-China trade war. Annual Review of Economics, 14(1), 205–228. https://doi.org/10.1146/annureveconomics-051420-110410</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global Climate Intelligence Group. (2024). World climate declaration. There Is No Climate Emergency. https://clintel.org/world-climate-declaration/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global Climate Intelligence Group. (2024). World climate declaration. There Is No Climate Emergency. https://clintel.org/world-climate-declaration/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldman Sachs (2024). Generational Growth: AI, data centers and the coming US power demand surge. https://www.goldmansachs.com/pdfs/insights/pages/generational-growth-aidata-centers-and-the-coming-us-power-surge/report.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldman Sachs (2024). Generational Growth: AI, data centers and the coming US power demand surge. https://www.goldmansachs.com/pdfs/insights/pages/generational-growth-aidata-centers-and-the-coming-us-power-surge/report.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hasell, J. (2019). Data appendix — The fi ght against global poverty: 200 years of progress and still a very long way to go. OurWorldinData.org. https://ourworldindata.org/history-ofpoverty-data-appendix</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hasell, J. (2019). Data appendix — The fi ght against global poverty: 200 years of progress and still a very long way to go. OurWorldinData.org. https://ourworldindata.org/history-ofpoverty-data-appendix</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hasell, J., &amp; Roser, M. (2019). How do we know the history of extreme poverty? OurWorldinData.org. https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-history-methods</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hasell, J., &amp; Roser, M. (2019). How do we know the history of extreme poverty? OurWorldinData.org. https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-history-methods</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hurst, D. (2022). Australia and China team up to protest WTO blockages caused by US vetoes on appeal body. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/dec/25/australia-and-china-team-up-to-protest-wto-blockages-caused-by-us-vetoes-onappeal-body</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hurst, D. (2022). Australia and China team up to protest WTO blockages caused by US vetoes on appeal body. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/dec/25/australia-and-china-team-up-to-protest-wto-blockages-caused-by-us-vetoes-onappeal-body</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kar, D., &amp; Schjelderup, G. (2016). Financial Flows and Tax Havens: Combining to Limit the Lives of Billions of People. Global Financial Integrity. https://gfintegrity.org/report/financial-flows-and-tax-havens-combining-to-limit-the-lives-of-billions-of-people/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kar, D., &amp; Schjelderup, G. (2016). Financial Flows and Tax Havens: Combining to Limit the Lives of Billions of People. Global Financial Integrity. https://gfintegrity.org/report/financial-flows-and-tax-havens-combining-to-limit-the-lives-of-billions-of-people/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kazelko, A., Semeghini, U. S. (2024). Expansion of brics: Implications for global energy markets. BRICS Journal of Economics, 5(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.3897/bricsecon.5.e117048</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazelko, A., Semeghini, U. S. (2024). Expansion of brics: Implications for global energy markets. BRICS Journal of Economics, 5(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.3897/bricsecon.5.e117048</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krishnan, M., Bradley, C., Tai, H., Devesa, T., Smit, S., &amp; Pacthod, D. (2024). The Hard Stuff: Navigating the physical realities of the energy transition. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/the-hard-stuff-navigating-the-physicalrealities-of-the-energy-transition</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krishnan, M., Bradley, C., Tai, H., Devesa, T., Smit, S., &amp; Pacthod, D. (2024). The Hard Stuff: Navigating the physical realities of the energy transition. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/the-hard-stuff-navigating-the-physicalrealities-of-the-energy-transition</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar, S., Shahid, A., &amp; Agarwal, M. (2024). Is BRICS Expansion Signifi cant for Global Trade and GDP? BRICS Journal of Economics, 5(4), 5–36. https://doi.org/10.3897/bricsecon.5.e139877</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar, S., Shahid, A., &amp; Agarwal, M. (2024). Is BRICS Expansion Signifi cant for Global Trade and GDP? BRICS Journal of Economics, 5(4), 5–36. https://doi.org/10.3897/bricsecon.5.e139877</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marthinsen, J. E., &amp; Gordon, S. R. (2022). Hyperinfl ation, optimal currency scopes, and a cryptocurrency alternative to dollarization. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 85, 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2020.12.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marthinsen, J. E., &amp; Gordon, S. R. (2022). Hyperinfl ation, optimal currency scopes, and a cryptocurrency alternative to dollarization. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 85, 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2020.12.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McLain, S. (2024). Used EVs Sell for Bargain Prices Now, Putting Owners and Dealers in a Bind. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/business/autos/used-evs-sell-forbargain-prices-now-putting-owners-and-dealers-in-a-bind-a44e1718</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McLain, S. (2024). Used EVs Sell for Bargain Prices Now, Putting Owners and Dealers in a Bind. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/business/autos/used-evs-sell-forbargain-prices-now-putting-owners-and-dealers-in-a-bind-a44e1718</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mearsheimer, J. J. (2021). The inevitable rivalry: America, China, and the tragedy of great-power politics. Foreign Affairs, 100, 48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mearsheimer, J. J. (2021). The inevitable rivalry: America, China, and the tragedy of great-power politics. Foreign Affairs, 100, 48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milne, R. (2024). Europe’s great battery hope Northvolt fi ghts for survival. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/b214a031-e975-4bb8-85b1-11a2252b71d7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milne, R. (2024). Europe’s great battery hope Northvolt fi ghts for survival. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/b214a031-e975-4bb8-85b1-11a2252b71d7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nenovsky, N., &amp; Bondi, G. (2024). A proposal for a common currency based on resources of the Alliance of Sahel States. Theoretical and practical issues. BRICS Journal of Economics, 5(3), 107–124. https://doi.org/10.3897/brics-econ.5.e133581</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nenovsky, N., &amp; Bondi, G. (2024). A proposal for a common currency based on resources of the Alliance of Sahel States. Theoretical and practical issues. BRICS Journal of Economics, 5(3), 107–124. https://doi.org/10.3897/brics-econ.5.e133581</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">OPEC (2024). Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. World Oil Outlook 2050. https://static.poder360.com.br/2024/11/world-oil-outlook-2024-opep-arquivocompleto.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">OPEC (2024). Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. World Oil Outlook 2050. https://static.poder360.com.br/2024/11/world-oil-outlook-2024-opep-arquivocompleto.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polestar, Rivian, A. T. Kearney. (2023). Polestar and Rivian pathway report. https://www.kearney.com/documents/291362523/295334577/Polestar+and+Rivian+pathway+report+supported+by+Kearney+(1).pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polestar, Rivian, A. T. Kearney. (2023). Polestar and Rivian pathway report. https://www.kearney.com/documents/291362523/295334577/Polestar+and+Rivian+pathway+report+supported+by+Kearney+(1).pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pozhar, Z. (2024). Sequencing the Trump Reboot. Ex Uno Plures. https://exunoplures.hu/money-and-world-order</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pozhar, Z. (2024). Sequencing the Trump Reboot. Ex Uno Plures. https://exunoplures.hu/money-and-world-order</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramkumar, A. (2024). Clean-Fuel Startups Were Supposed to Be the Next Big Thing. Now They Are Collapsing. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/business/energyoil/clean-fuel-startups-were-supposed-to-be-the-next-big-thing-now-they-are-collapsingb6f0f07d</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramkumar, A. (2024). Clean-Fuel Startups Were Supposed to Be the Next Big Thing. Now They Are Collapsing. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/business/energyoil/clean-fuel-startups-were-supposed-to-be-the-next-big-thing-now-they-are-collapsingb6f0f07d</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reklaitis, V. (2024). Possible Trump pick for Treasury lays out 3-point economic plan that calls for deregulation, lower defi cit. MarketWatch. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/possible-trump-pick-for-treasury-lays-out-3-point-economic-plan-that-calls-forderegulation-lower-deficit-b9a1e4c7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reklaitis, V. (2024). Possible Trump pick for Treasury lays out 3-point economic plan that calls for deregulation, lower defi cit. MarketWatch. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/possible-trump-pick-for-treasury-lays-out-3-point-economic-plan-that-calls-forderegulation-lower-deficit-b9a1e4c7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saaida, M. (2024). BRICS Plus: de-dollarization and global power shifts in new economic landscape. BRICS Journal of Economics, 5(1), 13–33. https://doi.org/10.3897/bricsecon.5.e117828</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saaida, M. (2024). BRICS Plus: de-dollarization and global power shifts in new economic landscape. BRICS Journal of Economics, 5(1), 13–33. https://doi.org/10.3897/bricsecon.5.e117828</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salitskii, A. I., &amp; Salitskaya, E. A. (2022). China on the way to global technology leadership. Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 92(3), 262–267.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salitskii, A. I., &amp; Salitskaya, E. A. (2022). China on the way to global technology leadership. Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 92(3), 262–267.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smil, V. (2022). How the World Really Works: A Scientist’s Guide to Our Past, Present and Future. Viking.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smil, V. (2022). How the World Really Works: A Scientist’s Guide to Our Past, Present and Future. Viking.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Statista. (2024). Number of people without access to electricity worldwide in selected years from 2000 to 2024, by region. https://www.statista.com/statistics/829803/number-ofpeople-without-access-to-electricity-by-region/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Statista. (2024). Number of people without access to electricity worldwide in selected years from 2000 to 2024, by region. https://www.statista.com/statistics/829803/number-ofpeople-without-access-to-electricity-by-region/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stein, J., &amp; Cocco, F. (2024). How four U. S. presidents unleashed economic warfare across the globe. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/interactive/2024/ussanction-countries-work/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stein, J., &amp; Cocco, F. (2024). How four U. S. presidents unleashed economic warfare across the globe. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/interactive/2024/ussanction-countries-work/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The White House (2025). Executive Order (EO) 14154, titled “Unleashing American Energy”. Presidential Actions. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/unleashing-american-energy/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The White House (2025). Executive Order (EO) 14154, titled “Unleashing American Energy”. Presidential Actions. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/unleashing-american-energy/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The White House. (2025). Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Proceeds with Tariff s on Imports from Canada and Mexico. Fact Sheets. https://www.whitehouse.gov/factsheets/2025/03/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-proceeds-with-tariffs-on-importsfrom-canada-and-mexico/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The White House. (2025). Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Proceeds with Tariff s on Imports from Canada and Mexico. Fact Sheets. https://www.whitehouse.gov/factsheets/2025/03/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-proceeds-with-tariffs-on-importsfrom-canada-and-mexico/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The White House. (2025). The Inaugural Address. Remarks. https://www.whitehouse.gov/remarks/2025/01/the-inaugural-address/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The White House. (2025). The Inaugural Address. Remarks. https://www.whitehouse.gov/remarks/2025/01/the-inaugural-address/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Triffi n, R. (1960). Gold and the dollar crisis: The future of convertibility. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Triffi n, R. (1960). Gold and the dollar crisis: The future of convertibility. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">U. S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2024). Interactive Data Application [Data set] https://www.bea.gov/itable/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">U. S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2024). Interactive Data Application [Data set] https://www.bea.gov/itable/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2024). All Employees, Manufacturing [Data set] FRED. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MANEMP</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2024). All Employees, Manufacturing [Data set] FRED. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MANEMP</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weißbach, D., Ruprecht, G., Have, A., Czerski, K., Gottlieb, S., &amp; Hussein, A. (2013). Energy intensities, EROIs (energy returned on invested), and energy payback times of electricity generating power plants. Energy, 52, 210–221. https://doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weißbach, D., Ruprecht, G., Have, A., Czerski, K., Gottlieb, S., &amp; Hussein, A. (2013). Energy intensities, EROIs (energy returned on invested), and energy payback times of electricity generating power plants. Energy, 52, 210–221. https://doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong, A. (2016). The Untold Story Behind Saudi Arabia’s 41-Year U. S. Debt Secret. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-05-30/the-untold-storybehind-saudi-arabia-s-41-year-u-s-debt-secret</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong, A. (2016). The Untold Story Behind Saudi Arabia’s 41-Year U. S. Debt Secret. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-05-30/the-untold-storybehind-saudi-arabia-s-41-year-u-s-debt-secret</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Gold Council (2024). Gold Reserves by Country. https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/gold-reserves-by-country</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Gold Council (2024). Gold Reserves by Country. https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/gold-reserves-by-country</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wright, I. (2023). Watch China Overtake The US As The World’s Major Trading Partner. Merchant Machine. https://merchantmachine.co.uk/china-vs-us/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wright, I. (2023). Watch China Overtake The US As The World’s Major Trading Partner. Merchant Machine. https://merchantmachine.co.uk/china-vs-us/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zalk, J., &amp; Behrens, P. (2018). The spatial extent of renewable and non-renewable power generation: A review and meta-analysis of power densities and their application in the U. S. Energy Policy, 123, 83–91. https://doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zalk, J., &amp; Behrens, P. (2018). The spatial extent of renewable and non-renewable power generation: A review and meta-analysis of power densities and their application in the U. S. Energy Policy, 123, 83–91. https://doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu, Z., Piao, S., Myneni, R., Huang, M., Zeng, Z., Canadell, J., Ciais, P., Sitch, S., Friedlingstein, P., Arneth, A., Cao, C., Cheng, L., Kato, E., Koven, C., Li, Y., Lian, X., &amp; Liu, Y. (2016). Greening of the Earth and its drivers. Nature Climate Change, 6. https://doi:10.1038/nclimate3004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu, Z., Piao, S., Myneni, R., Huang, M., Zeng, Z., Canadell, J., Ciais, P., Sitch, S., Friedlingstein, P., Arneth, A., Cao, C., Cheng, L., Kato, E., Koven, C., Li, Y., Lian, X., &amp; Liu, Y. (2016). Greening of the Earth and its drivers. Nature Climate Change, 6. https://doi:10.1038/nclimate3004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru"></mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
