The article presents a review of a scientific seminar discussing the nature of modern economy and the specifics of the Russian economy. Scientific seminar is organized by the Problem group «Reproduction and growth» (headed by prof. V. N. Cherkovets) together with the Centre for socioeconomics, Department of political economy (headed by prof. A. V. Buzgalin), and Laboratory of comparative study of socio-economic systems of Economics Department (headed by prof. A. I. Kolganov). The discussion focused on the nature of modern capitalism in developed countries and peculiarities of Russian capitalism; the problem of monopoly capital; stages and content of its evolution; differences in monopoly capital in developed and developing economies and Russia; the changes in the globalization process; the contradictions of monopoly capital and modern process of production socialization.