<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">msuecon</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского университета. Серия 6. Экономика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lomonosov Economics Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0130-0105</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MSUPRESS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38050/01300105202268</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">msuecon-741</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВОПРОСЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MANAGEMENT ISSUES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ключевые факторы оплаты гражданских служащих в России и Великобритании</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Key factors of the civil servants’ pay in Russia and Great Britain</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1821-5240</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаймарданова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shaimardanova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шаймарданова Надежда Андреевна — аспирант департамента политики и управления факультета социальных наук, ведущий аналитик Центра развития государственной службы Института государственного и муниципального управления</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">naefimova@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИУ «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>HSE University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>159</fpage><lpage>189</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шаймарданова Н.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шаймарданова Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shaimardanova N.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://msuecon.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/741">https://msuecon.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/741</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена сравнению систем оплаты и уровней денежного содержания гражданских служащих в Российской Федерации и Великобритании, а также выявлению факторов, влияющих на размер оплаты гражданских служащих обеих стран. При сопоставимых размерах оплаты гражданских служащих по паритету покупательской способности в России и Великобритании установлены различия в структурных элементах оплаты и наиболее высокооплачиваемых сферах деятельности. Эмпирическую основу исследования составляет анализ данных Минтруда России и Национальной статистической службы Великобритании об уровнях оплаты гражданских служащих в центральных аппаратах федеральных органов исполнительной власти Российской Федерации и центральных государственных органах Великобритании. По итогам сравнительного анализа оплата гражданских служащих в Российской Федерации значительно больше, чем в Великобритании, в таких сферах деятельности, как безопасность, оборона, юстиция, судопроизводство, строительство, жилищно-коммунальное хозяйство и статистика. В Великобритании, наоборот, размер оплаты гражданских служащих выше, чем в Российской Федерации, в сферах образования, науки, культуры, туризма, средств массовой информации, промышленности и экономики. На основе рассмотренных теорий и исследований в статье проведен эконометрический анализ факторов, влияющих на размер оплаты гражданских служащих в Российской Федерации и Великобритании. По результатам регрессионного анализа выявлены статистически значимые институциональные и половозрастные факторы, обусловливающие высокий уровень оплаты гражданских служащих обеих стран, например, деятельность в финансовой, налоговой и таможенной сферах в России или работа в небольших по численности государственных органах в Великобритании.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article compares civil servants’ payment systems and wage levels in the Russian Federation and the United Kingdom, and identifies the factors affecting the civil servants’ pay level in both countries. With comparable civil servants’ payment levels in terms of purchasing power in Russia and Great Britain, there are differences in structural elements of payment and the fields of activity that are highly paid. The study is based on data analysis of the RF Ministry of Labour and the UK Office for National Statistics concerning civil servants’ pay levels in central offices of federal executive bodies of the Russian Federation and central public bodies of the UK. The comparative analysis shows that civil servants’ payment in Russia is significantly higher than that in Great Britain in such fields as security, defense, justice, legal proceedings, construction, housing and utilities, and statistics. In Great Britain, by contrast, civil servants are paid more than in Russia in speres of education, science, culture, tourism, media, industry and economics. Based on theories and studies reviewed, the article provides an econometric analysis of factors affecting the civil servants’ pay level in Russia and Great Britain. Regression analysis identifies statistically significant institutional, gender and age factors which determine the high level of the civil servants’ pay in both countries, for example, activities in financial, tax and customs spheres in Russia or work in small-size public bodies in Great Britain.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>государственная гражданская служба</kwd><kwd>гражданские служащие</kwd><kwd>денежное содержание</kwd><kwd>оплата гражданских служащих</kwd><kwd>квалификация</kwd><kwd>структура оплаты</kwd><kwd>премии</kwd><kwd>надбавки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>civil service</kwd><kwd>civil servants</kwd><kwd>payment</kwd><kwd>qualiﬁcation</kwd><kwd>pay structure</kwd><kwd>bonuses</kwd><kwd>allowances</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Борщевский, Г. А. (2017). Реформа бюрократии: сравнение опыта Великобритании и России. Россия и современный мир, 3, 260–279.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borshchevsky, G. A. (2017). The Reform of Bureaucracy: Comparing the Experience of Great Britain and Russia. Russia and the contemporary world, 3, 260–279.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гимпельсон, В. Е. (2019). Возраст и заработная плата: стилизованные факты и российские особенности. Экономический журнал ВШЭ, 23(2), 185–237. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8691-2019-23-2-185-237</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gimpelson, V. (2019). Age and Wage: Stylized Facts and Russian Evidence.HSE Economic Journal, 23(2), 185–237. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8691-2019-23-2-185-237</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гринберг, Р. С., Ахунов, Р. Р., Володин, А. И., Губарев, Р. В., &amp; Дзюба, Е. И. (2018). Новая (смешанная) система оплаты труда российских госслужащих «по результатам». Экономические и социальные перемены: факты, тенденции, прогноз, 11(6), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2018.6.60.10</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grinberg, R. S., Akhunov, R. R., Volodin, A. I., Gubarev, R. V., &amp; Dzyuba, E. I. (2018). Performance-based pay — a new (mixed) payment scheme for Russian civil servants. Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast, 11(6), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2018.6.60.10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Данные мониторинга кадрового состава и оплаты труда федеральных государственных гражданских служащих в центральных аппаратах федеральных органов исполнительной власти Российской Федерации в 2019 и 2020 гг., проведенного Минтрудом России (информация ограниченного доступа).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monitoring data of federal state civil servants’ personnel composition and remuneration in central offices of federal executive authorities of the Russian Federation in 2019 and 2020, conducted by the The Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Russian Federation (restricted access information).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Декина, М. П. (2016). Статистический анализ факторов дифференциации оплаты труда в Российской Федерации. Известия СПбГЭУ, 1(97), 98–102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dekina, M. P. (2016). Statistical Analysis of Factors of Wage Diff erentiation in Russian Federation. Izvestiya Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo ekonomicheskogo universiteta, 1(97), 98–102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добролюбова Е. И., Татаринова Л. Н., &amp; Южаков В. Н. (2019). Перспективы повышения конкурентоспособности оплаты труда гражданских служащих. М.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobrolyubova, E. I., Klochkova, E. N. &amp; Yuzhakov, V. N. (2018). The number and remuneration of federal state civil servants in the context of the introduction of program-targeted and project approaches. Moscow: Publishing House “Delo” RANEPA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добролюбова, Е. И., Клочкова, Е. Н., &amp; Южаков, В. Н. (2018). Численность и оплата труда федеральных государственных гражданских служащих в условиях внедрения программно-целевых и проектных подходов. М.: Издательский дом «Дело» РАНХиГС.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobrolyubova, E. I., Tatarinova, L. N. &amp; Yuzhakov, V. N. (2019). Prospects for improving the competitiveness of civil servants’ wages. Moscow.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жигун, Л. А. (2014). Современные модели оплаты труда государственных служащих США. Управленческие науки, 3, 48–55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhigun, L. A. (2014). Modern Employ’s Payment Models in the USA Public Sector. Management Science, 3, 48–55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Журавлева, Т. А. (2017). Система оплаты труда и мотивация государственных гражданских служащих: обзор международной практики. Государственное управление: электронный вестник, 64, 331–345.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuravleva, T. A. (2017). The System of Remuneration and Motivation of Public Civil Servants: A Review of International Practice. Public Administration. E-journal (Russia), 64, 331–345.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Занко, Т. А. (2017). Подходы к денежному содержанию федеральных государственных гражданских служащих: опыт США и ФРГ. Вопросы экономики и права, 9, 12–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zanko, T. A. (2017). Approaches to Organization of Payment Systems at the Federal State Civil Service: The Experience of the USA and Germany. Economic and Law Issues, 9, 12–17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильин, А. Е., &amp; Самойлов, А. Р. (2015). Современное состояние и уровень дифференциации оплаты труда в Российской Федерации. Вестник Курской государственной сельскохозяйственной академии, 8, 35–39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ilyin, A. E., &amp; Samoilov, A. R. (2015). Current state and level of diff erentiation of wages in the Russian Federation. Vestnik Kurskoj gosudarstvennoj sel’skohozyajstvennoj akademii, 8, 35–39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Капелюшников, Р. И. (2012). Сколько стоит человеческий капитал России? Препринт WP3/2012/06. М.: Изд. дом ГУ-ВШЭ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapeliushnikov, R. I. (2012). Russia’s human capital: what is its value? Working paper WP3/2012/06. Moscow: Publishing House of the Higher School of Economics.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Квалификационные требования для замещения должностей государственной гражданской службы. (2016, 5 февраля). Минтруд России. Дата обращения 07.07.2021, https://mintrud.gov.ru/ministry/programms/gossluzhba/16/1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qualifi cation requirements for fi lling positions in the civil service. (2016, February 5). Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Russian Federation. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://mintrud.gov.ru/ministry/programms/gossluzhba/16/1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клепикова, Е. А., &amp; Колосницына, М. Г. (2017). Эйджизм на российском рынке труда: дискриминация в заработной плате. Российский журнал менеджмента, 15(1), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu18.2017.104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klepikova, E. A., &amp; Kolosnitsyna M. G. (2017). Ageism at the Russian Labour Market: Wage Discrimination. Russian Management Journal, 15(1), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu18.2017.104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Курс доллара США в 2020 году. (н.д.). Ratestats. Дата обращения 07.07.2021, https://ratestats.com/dollar/2020/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">US dollar exchange rate in 2020. (n.d.). Ratestats. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://ratestats.com/dollar/2020/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мальцева, И. О., &amp; Рощин, С. Ю. (2007).Гендерная сегрегация и мобильность на российском рынке труда. М.: Издательский дом ГУ-ВШЭ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maltseva, I. O., &amp; Roschin, S. J. (2007). Gender Segregation and Labor Mobility in Russian Labor Market. Moscow: The HSE Publishing House. 296 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Парфентьева, Д. С. (2014). Подходы к оптимизации уровня дифференциации оплаты государственных гражданских служащих. Барабашев, А. Г. (ред.). Прикладные исследования человеческих ресурсов в публичном управлении (с. 136–162). М.: Новый хронограф.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parfenteva, D. S. (2014). Approaches to the Optimization of the Level of Pay Diff erentiation for Civil Servants. Barabashev, A. G. (Ed.). Prikladnye issledovaniya chelovecheskih resursov v publichnom upravleni(p. 136–162). Moscow: New chronograph.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рощин, C. Ю., &amp; Зубаревич, Н. В. (2005). Гендерное равенство и расширение прав и возможностей женщин в России в контексте целей развития тысячелетия. М.: Информационный центр ООН ПРООН.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roshchin, S. Y., &amp; Zubarevich N. V. (2005). Gender equality and extension of women rights in Russia within millennium development goals. Moscow: UN Information Center UNDP.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рудаков, В. Н. (2015). Динамика заработной платы молодежи на российском рынке труда. Вопросы статистики, 11, 43–57. https://doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2015-0-11-43-57</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudakov, V. N. (2015). The dynamics of youth wages in the Russian labor market.Voprosy statistiki, 11, 43–57. https://doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2015-0-11-43-57</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соболев, Э. Н. (2017). Оплата труда в системе социально-трудовых отношений : стереотипы и российские реалии: Доклад. М.: Институт экономики РАН.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sobolev, E. (2017). Wages in the System of Labour Relations: Stereotypes and Russian Realities. Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соболев, Э. Н., &amp; Соболева, И. В. (2014). Тенденции и факторы дифференциации заработной платы в российской экономике. Вестник РЭА им. Г. В. Плеханова, 5, 33–50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sobolev, E. N. &amp; Soboleva, I. V. (2014). Tendencies and Factors of Diff erentiation of the Salary in the Russian Economy. Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 5, 33–50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тищенко, Е. Н. (2012). Состав и соотношение стимулирующих элементов оплаты труда государственных служащих в Российской Федерации и зарубежных странах. Вопросы государственного и муниципального управления, 4, 160–168.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tishchenko, E. N. (2012). Composition of Stimulating Elements and their Correlation in the Payment of Civil Servants’ Work in the Russian Federation and Foreign Countries. Public Administration Issues, 4, 160–168.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 25.07.2006 № 763 «О денежном содержании федеральных государственных гражданских служащих».</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 25.07.2006 No. 763 “On salaries of federal state civil servants”.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 09.03.2004 № 314 «О системе и структуре федеральных органов исполнительной власти».</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 09.03.2004 No. 314 “On the system and structure of federal executive bodies”.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федеральный закон от 27.07.2004 № 79-ФЗ «О государственной гражданской службе Российской Федерации». Принят ГД ФС РФ 07.07.2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Federal Law of 27.07.2004 No. 79-FZ “On the state civil service of the Russian Federation”. Adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on 07.07.2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чекин, М. А. (2014).Оплата служебной деятельности государственных гражданских служащих России: история, практика, эксперименты, перспективы. М.: НИУ ВШЭ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chekin, M. A. (2014)Remuneration for Russian state civil servants’ official activities: history, practice, experiments, prospects. Moscow: NRU HSE.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alkadry, M. G., Bishu, S. G., &amp; Ali, S. B. (2017). Beyond Representation: Gender, Authority, and City Managers. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 39(2), 300–319. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X17718030</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alkadry, M. G., Bishu, S. G., &amp; Ali, S. B. (2017). Beyond Representation: Gender, Authority, and City Managers. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 39(2), 300–319. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X17718030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alkadry, M. G. &amp; Tower, L. E. (2006). Unequal Pay: The Role of Gender. Public Administration Review, 66, 888–898. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00656.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alkadry, M. G. &amp; Tower, L. E. (2006). Unequal Pay: The Role of Gender. Public Administration Review, 66, 888–898. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00656.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker, G. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226041223.001.0001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker, G. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226041223.001.0001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: a theoretical analysis. The Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/258724</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: a theoretical analysis. The Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/258724</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benito, A., &amp; Conyon, M. J. (1999). The Governance of Directors’ Pay: Evidence from UK Companies. Journal of Management &amp; Governance, 3, 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009995710541</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benito, A., &amp; Conyon, M. J. (1999). The Governance of Directors’ Pay: Evidence from UK Companies. Journal of Management &amp; Governance, 3, 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009995710541</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolitzer, B., &amp; Godtland, E. M. (2012). Understanding the Gender — Pay Gap in the Federal Workforce Over the Past 20 Years. American Review of Public Administration, 42(6), 730–746. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074011434801</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolitzer, B., &amp; Godtland, E. M. (2012). Understanding the Gender — Pay Gap in the Federal Workforce Over the Past 20 Years. American Review of Public Administration, 42(6), 730–746. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074011434801</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bradley, S., Green C., &amp; Mangan J. (2014). Gender Wage Gaps within a Public Sector: Evidence from Personnel Data. The Manchester School, 83(4), 379–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/manc.12061</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bradley, S., Green C., &amp; Mangan J. (2014). Gender Wage Gaps within a Public Sector: Evidence from Personnel Data. The Manchester School, 83(4), 379–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/manc.12061</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Civil Service Pay Remit Guidance 2021/22. (2021, March 25). GOV.UK. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/civil-service-pay-remit-guidance-202122/civil-service-pay-remit-guidance-202122</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Civil Service Pay Remit Guidance 2021/22. (2021, March 25). GOV.UK. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/civil-service-pay-remit-guidance-202122/civil-service-pay-remit-guidance-202122</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Civil Service Pay. (n.d.). Civilservant.org.uk. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.civilservant.org.uk/information-pay-general.html</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Civil Service Pay. (n.d.). Civilservant.org.uk. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.civilservant.org.uk/information-pay-general.html</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Civil Service statistics: 2020. (2020, August 26). GOV.UK. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/civil-service-statistics-2020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Civil Service statistics: 2020. (2020, August 26). GOV.UK. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/civil-service-statistics-2020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Classifi cation of Public Bodies: Guidance for Departments. (n.d.). GOV.UK. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/519571/Classification-of-Public_Bodies-Guidance-for-Departments.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Classifi cation of Public Bodies: Guidance for Departments. (n.d.). GOV.UK. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/519571/Classification-of-Public_Bodies-Guidance-for-Departments.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Departments, agencies and public bodies. (n.d.). GOV.UK. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations#departments</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Departments, agencies and public bodies. (n.d.). GOV.UK. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations#departments</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duigou, S. L. (2012). Effect of Age on the Wage Distribution: A Quantitative Evaluation Using US Data, TEPP Working Paper 2012-14, TEPP.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duigou, S. L. (2012). Effect of Age on the Wage Distribution: A Quantitative Evaluation Using US Data, TEPP Working Paper 2012-14, TEPP.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans, D. S., &amp; Leighton, L. S. (1989). Why Do Smaller Firms Pay Less? The Journal of Human Resources, 24(2), 299–318. https://doi.org/10.2307/145858</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans, D. S., &amp; Leighton, L. S. (1989). Why Do Smaller Firms Pay Less? The Journal of Human Resources, 24(2), 299–318. https://doi.org/10.2307/145858</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Firth, M., Tam, M., &amp; Tang, M. (1999). The determinants of top management pay. Omega, 2(6), 617–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0483(99)00021-377</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Firth, M., Tam, M., &amp; Tang, M. (1999). The determinants of top management pay. Omega, 2(6), 617–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0483(99)00021-377</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galup, S. D., Dattero, R., &amp; Quan, J. J. (2004). The eff ect of age on computer programmer wages. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 45(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2004.11645817</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galup, S. D., Dattero, R., &amp; Quan, J. J. (2004). The eff ect of age on computer programmer wages. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 45(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2004.11645817</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gosse, M. &amp; Ganesh, S. (2004). The gender pay gap and the importance of job size: Evidence from the New Zealand public service. New Zealand Economic Papers, 3(1), 101– 8 8 118. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779950409544396</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gosse, M. &amp; Ganesh, S. (2004). The gender pay gap and the importance of job size: Evidence from the New Zealand public service. New Zealand Economic Papers, 3(1), 101– 8 8 118. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779950409544396</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">How government works. (n.d.). GOV.UK. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/government/how-government-works</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">How government works. (n.d.). GOV.UK. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/government/how-government-works</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones, M. &amp; Kaya, E. (2019). Understanding the gender pay gap within the UK public sector. London: Offi ce of Manpower Economics.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones, M. &amp; Kaya, E. (2019). Understanding the gender pay gap within the UK public sector. London: Offi ce of Manpower Economics.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones, M., Makepeace, G. &amp; Wass, V. (2018). The UK Gender Pay Gap 1997–2015: What Is the Role of the Public Sector? Industrial Relations, 5(2), 296–319. https://doi.77org/10.1111/irel.12208</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones, M., Makepeace, G. &amp; Wass, V. (2018). The UK Gender Pay Gap 1997–2015: What Is the Role of the Public Sector? Industrial Relations, 5(2), 296–319. https://doi.77org/10.1111/irel.12208</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kee, H. (2006). Glass Ceiling or Sticky Floor? Exploring the Australian Gender Pay Gap. The Economic Record, 82(259), 408–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2006.00356.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kee, H. (2006). Glass Ceiling or Sticky Floor? Exploring the Australian Gender Pay Gap. The Economic Record, 82(259), 408–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2006.00356.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kopycińska, D., &amp; Kryńska, E. (2016). Wage Inequalities between Men and Women in Poland — a Justifi ed Diff erentiation or Accepted Wage Discrimination of Women? Economics and Sociology, 9(4), 222–242. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2016/9-4/14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kopycińska, D., &amp; Kryńska, E. (2016). Wage Inequalities between Men and Women in Poland — a Justifi ed Diff erentiation or Accepted Wage Discrimination of Women? Economics and Sociology, 9(4), 222–242. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2016/9-4/14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mincer, J., &amp; Polachek, S. (1974). Family Investments in Human Capital: Earnings of Women. Journal of Political Economy, 8(2), 76–108. https://doi.org/10.1086/2602932</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mincer, J., &amp; Polachek, S. (1974). Family Investments in Human Capital: Earnings of Women. Journal of Political Economy, 8(2), 76–108. https://doi.org/10.1086/2602932</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polachek, S. W., &amp; Xiang, J. (2014). The Gender Pay Gap Across Countries: A Human Capital Approach. Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polachek, S. W., &amp; Xiang, J. (2014). The Gender Pay Gap Across Countries: A Human Capital Approach. Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Public bodies. (2013, February 19). GOV.UK. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/guidance/public-bodies-reform</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Public bodies. (2013, February 19). GOV.UK. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/guidance/public-bodies-reform</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Purchasing Power Parities (PPP). (n.d.). OECD Data. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://data.oecd.org/conversion/purchasing-power-parities-ppp.htm#indicator-chart</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Purchasing Power Parities (PPP). (n.d.). OECD Data. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://data.oecd.org/conversion/purchasing-power-parities-ppp.htm#indicator-chart</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quan, J. J., Dattero, R., &amp; Galup, S. D. (2008). An explorative study of age discrimination in IT wages. Information Resources Management Journal, 21(3), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2008070102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quan, J. J., Dattero, R., &amp; Galup, S. D. (2008). An explorative study of age discrimination in IT wages. Information Resources Management Journal, 21(3), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2008070102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rutkowski, J. (1996). High skills pay off : the changing wage structure during economic transition in Poland. The Economics of Transition, 4(1), 89–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.1996.tb00163.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rutkowski, J. (1996). High skills pay off : the changing wage structure during economic transition in Poland. The Economics of Transition, 4(1), 89–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.1996.tb00163.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sargeant, M. (2010). Young Workers and Age Discrimination. International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations, 2(4), 6 6 467–478. https://doi.org/10.54648/ĳcl2010029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sargeant, M. (2010). Young Workers and Age Discrimination. International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations, 2(4), 6 6 467–478. https://doi.org/10.54648/ĳcl2010029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solem, P. E. (2016). Ageism and age discrimination in working life. Nordic Psychology, 6(3), 160–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2015.109565088</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solem, P. E. (2016). Ageism and age discrimination in working life. Nordic Psychology, 6(3), 160–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2015.109565088</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thornley, C. &amp; Thörnqvist, C. (2009). Editorial: State Employment and the Gender Pay Gap. Gender, Work &amp; Organization, 1(5), 529–535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-660432.2009.00473.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thornley, C. &amp; Thörnqvist, C. (2009). Editorial: State Employment and the Gender Pay Gap. Gender, Work &amp; Organization, 1(5), 529–535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-660432.2009.00473.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UK Pay Policy. (n.d.). British Council. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.britishcouncil.org/about-us/how-we-work/policies/uk-pay-policy</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UK Pay Policy. (n.d.). British Council. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.britishcouncil.org/about-us/how-we-work/policies/uk-pay-policy</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wrohlich, K. (2017). Gender pay gap varies greatly by occupation. DIW Economic Bulletin, (43), 429–435.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wrohlich, K. (2017). Gender pay gap varies greatly by occupation. DIW Economic Bulletin, (43), 429–435.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
