Religion and culture as factors of trust in foreign trade

Growing tension around Russia in the global economy, the need to reorient foreign trade flows to countries that differ from Russia in cultural and religious aspects, as well as a growing number of publications aimed at studying economic effects of culture, religion and trust, makes it necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis of scientific literature on the influence of culture and religion on foreign trade activities. Based on the analysis of religious literature and scientific empirical research and using the methods of systematization, generalization, meta-analysis, conceptual approaches of socio-cultural anthropology and cross-cultural psychology, the paper proposes a theoretical justification for the mechanism of the influence of religion and culture on foreign trade. Two approaches to the influence of culture on foreign trade activity are theoretically substantiated. Within the framework of the first approach, the proximity of cultural values contributes to the growth of foreign trade activity. Within the second framework, cultural openness and tolerance for foreign cultures have limited potential to increase mutual trade. Based on the analysis of scientific and religious literature, three groups of channels of the mechanism of the influence of religion on foreign trade are substantiated. The first group of channels, which are based on a person's psychological perception of God and His deeds, includes: influence through the perception of entrepreneurial risk as God's providence and impact through the fear of trading partners before God's punishment for non-fulfillment of obligations. The second group of channels, the mechanism of influence of which is based on the similarity and difference of religious dogmas, includes: influence based on different religious dogmas, influence through the trust of trading partners due to the similarity of religious values and influence through religious openness and tolerance towards other faiths. The third group of channels, the mechanism of which is based on institutional theories, includes: influence through the development of religious competition, the influence of religious institutions as an alternative to weak state institutions and the influence of religion as the basis of trust between trading partners.

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41. Sidorenkov, A. V., & Sidorenkova I. I. (2011). Trust in small groups. Voprosy psikhologii, 1, 94–106.

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80. Ivanov, A. V. (2015). Institutional factors of the functioning of the regional structure of entrepreneurship support in the conditions of economic diversifi cation. Jekonomika i predprinimatel’stvo, 3(56), 860–864.

81. Priest Dimitrij (Safonov) (2017). The Russian Orthodox Church in the Dialogue of Religions. In: Kolosova I. V. (ed.). Materials of the round table: «Dialogue of Religions in the Modern World: Problems and Prospects». M.: Ministry of Foreign Aff airs of Russia.

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83. Kislyuk, K. V., & Kucher, Sh. N. (2003). Religious studies. Rostov-on-Don; Kharkiv:

84. Phoenix — Torsing.

85. Collins, R. (2004). Sociological Insight: An Introduction to Non-Obvious Sociology. In: V. F. Anurina (ed.) Person-oriented sociology. M.: Academic project, 397–603.

86. Kuzina, O. E., & Ibragimova, D. H. (2010). Trust in Financial Institutions: Experience from an Empirical Study. Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes Journal, 4(98), 26–39.

87. Kuchenkova, A. V. (2016). Interpersonal trust in Russian society. Sociological Studies, 1, 26–36.

88. Le Goff , Zh. (2000). Middle Ages: the Time of the Church and the Time of the Merchant. In: V. A. Babintsev (ed.) Another Middle Ages: Time, Labor and Culture of the West. Ekaterinburg: Izdatel’stvo ural’skogo universiteta.

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94. Mikhal’ski, N. (2013). Link between social trust and human values in Europe. Retrieved February 1, 2022, from https://iq.hse.ru/news/177668617.html

95. Polterovich, V. M., Dmitriev, M. E., Yakovlev, A. A., Gurvich, E. T., & Auzan, A. A. (2017). The fate of economic programs and reforms in Russia (Proceedings of the roundtable discussion at the XVIII April international academic conference on economic and social development). Voprosy Ekonomiki, 6, 22–44. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-622-44

96. Polterovich, V. M. (2018). Towards a general theory of socio-economic development.

97. Part 1. Geography, institutions or culture? Voprosy ekonomiki, 11, 5–26. https://doi. org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-11-5-26

98. Ricardo, D. (1955). Beginnings of political economy and taxation. M.

99. Sazanova, A. (2012). The infl uence of religion and culture on the formation of the economy, mentality and household. Innovatsii i investitsii, 3, 104–106.

100. Sidorenkov, A. V., & Sidorenkova I. I. (2011). Trust in small groups. Voprosy psikhologii, 1, 94–106.

101. Smirnov, B. L. (2007). Mahabharata. Issue V. Mokshadharma (Basic of Liberation). Book 12, ch. 174–367, slokas 6457–13943. M.: Editorial staff of the Bolesmir website.

102. Smith, A. (1962). Research on the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. M.

103.

104. Council of Federation (2021). Trust as a critical factor in achieving the strategic goals of the socio-economic and political development of the state. Meeting of the Scientifi c and Expert Council under the Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, November 13, 2020. Analiticheskiy vestnik, 1(761).

105. Susokolov, A. A. (2006). Culture and exchange. Introduction to economic anthropology. M.:

106. Russkaya panorama.

107. Sukharev, O. S. (2015). Institutional and structural factors of economic development. Monograph. Institute of Economics RAS. Series: Institutes of modern economy and innovative development.

108. Tatarko, A. N., & Lebedeva, N. M. (2007). Cultural values and development of society. M.: HSE University Publishing House.

109. Urunova, Kh. (2016). The role of religion in the formation of mentality. International Research Journal, 3(45), 26–28.

110. Fond «Obshchestvennoe mnenie» (2007, November). The opinion of the inhabitants of Russia about atheism and atheists. https://gtmarket.ru/news/culture/2007/11/02/1427

111. Harrison, L., & Huntington, S. (2002). Culture matters. How do values contribute to social progress. Ed. L. Harrison and S. Huntington. M.: Moscow School of Political Studies.

112. Shavkunova, I. (2017). Cultural and Personal Determinants of Economic DecisionMaking Strategy. Psikhologiya v ekonomike i upravlenii, 9(2), 18–25. https://doi. org/10.17150/2225-7845.2017.9(2).18-25

113. Shastitko, A. (2008). Competition and antitrust policy in neo-Austrian theory. Economic Policy, (2), 107–126.

114. Shakhnazarov, O. L. (2004). Attitude to property among the Old Believers (until 1917). Voprosy istorii, 4, 53–70.

115. Shevtsova, A. A. (2016). Spiritual crisis. Religion as a panacea for modern man. NovaInfo,

116. 40, 104–107. https://novainfo.ru/article/4130

117. Shved, A. V. (2018). Categories of Foreign Trade: Defi nitions and Approaches to Statistical Evaluation. Questions of statistics, 25(8), 43–51.

118. Yung, K. G. (1998). The practice of psychotherapy. M.: AST.

119. Ali-zade, A. A. (2007). People of the Book. Islamic Encyclopedic Dictionary. M.: Ansar.

120. Arkhiepiskop Ioann Shakhovskoy (2007). Apocalypse of petty sin. M.: Izd-vo Sretenskogo monastyrya.

121. Auzan, A. A. et al. (2020). Sociocultural factors in the economy: milestones passed and current agenda. Voprosy ekonomiki, 7, 75–91. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-87362020-7-75-91

122. Barinova, V. A., Zemtsov, S. P., & Tsareva, Yu. V. (2018). Entrepreneurship and institutions: is there a connection at the regional level in Russia? Voprosy ekonomiki, 6, 92–116. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-6-92-116

123. Bragina, L. M. (1999). History of culture of the countries of Western Europe in the Renaissance. Study guide. M.: Vysshaya shkola.

124. Bystrova, A. N. (2002). World of Culture (Fundamentals of Culturology). M.: Fedor Konyukhov Publishing House.

125. Banfi eld, E. (1958). The moral foundations of a backward society. M: Novoe izdatel’stvo.

126. Veselov, Yu. V. (2013). Institutional and network trust as economic categories. In: A. B. Kupreychenko, I. V. Mersiyanova (ed.). Trust and distrust in the context of the development of civil society. M.: HSE University Publishing House, 263–289.

127. Gordienko, N. S. (2005). Fundamentals of Religious Studies. St. Petersburg: Leningrad State University im. A. S. Pushkin.

128. Grushevitskaya, T. G., & Sadokhin, A. P. (2011). Culturology. M.: Yuniti-Dana.

129. Guzhavina, T. A. (2012). Social trust in civil society. Problems of territory development, 6(62), 115–122.

130. Diamond, S. (2011). Negotiations that work. Translated from English V. Khozinskiy. M.: Mann, Ivanov i Ferber.

131. Drapkin, I. M., Chukavina, K. V., & Groznykh, R. I. (2021). Infl uence of institutional factors on cross-country FDI fl ows. Ekonomika i matematicheskie metody, 57(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.31857/S042473880007982-9

132. Drobot, E. V., Batarin, I. V., & Pekki, V. D. (2017). Analysis of the conditions of foreign trade between Russia and Western countries in the context of sanctions wars. Ekonomicheskie otnosheniya, 7(2), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.18334/eo.7.1.37392

133. Durkheim, E. (1996). The Division of Labour in Society. M.: Kanon.

134. Episcopus Ilarion (Alfeev) (2007). «Who is my neighbor?» About the good samaritan. 25th week after Pentecost. Holidays. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.pravmir.ru/ktomoj-blizhnij-o-miloserdnom-samaryanine-nedelya-25-ya-po-pyatidesyatnice/

135. Zhuravlev, A. L., & Sumarokova, V. A. (2013). Entrepreneurial trust in diff erent types of organizations: regional and gender diff erences. In: A. B. Kupreychenko, I. V. Mersiyanova (ed.). Trust and distrust in the context of the development of civil society. M.: HSE University Publishing House, 263–289.

136. Zemtsov, S. P., & Tsareva, Yu. V. (2018). Entrepreneurial activity in the regions of Russia: how spatial and temporal eff ects determine the development of small business. Journal of the New Economic Association, 1(37), 145–165.

137. Ivanov, A. V. (2015). Institutional factors of the functioning of the regional structure of entrepreneurship support in the conditions of economic diversifi cation. Jekonomika i predprinimatel’stvo, 3(56), 860–864.

138. Priest Dimitrij (Safonov) (2017). The Russian Orthodox Church in the Dialogue of Religions. In: Kolosova I. V. (ed.). Materials of the round table: «Dialogue of Religions in the Modern World: Problems and Prospects». M.: Ministry of Foreign Aff airs of Russia.

139. Kant, I. (1966). To eternal peace. In: I. Kant. Selected works. In 6 vols., Vol. 6. M., 257–311.

140. Kislyuk, K. V., & Kucher, Sh. N. (2003). Religious studies. Rostov-on-Don; Kharkiv: Phoenix — Torsing.

141. Collins, R. (2004). Sociological Insight: An Introduction to Non-Obvious Sociology. In: V. F. Anurina (ed.) Person-oriented sociology. M.: Academic project, 397–603.

142. Kuzina, O. E., & Ibragimova, D. H. (2010). Trust in Financial Institutions: Experience from an Empirical Study. Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes Journal, 4(98), 26–39.

143. Kuchenkova, A. V. (2016). Interpersonal trust in Russian society. Sociological Studies, 1, 26–36.

144. Le Goff , Zh. (2000). Middle Ages: the Time of the Church and the Time of the Merchant. In: V. A. Babintsev (ed.) Another Middle Ages: Time, Labor and Culture of the West. Ekaterinburg: Izdatel’stvo ural’skogo universiteta.

145. Levada-Center (2022, February). Approval of institutions, state of affairs in the country, trust in politicians. https://www.levada.ru/2022/02/04/odobrenie-institutov-polozhenie-del-vstrane-doverie-politikam/

146. Levada-Center (2021, October). Trust in public institutions. https://www.levada.ru/2021/10/06/doverie-obshhestvennym-institutam/

147. Levada-Center (2020, September). Trust in institutions. https://www.levada.ru/2020/09/21/doverie-institutam/

148. Levada-Center (2019, October). Institutional trust. https://www.levada.ru/2019/10/24/institutsionalnoe-doverie-5/

149. Mendonça Joao, J. C., & Hvan, M. S. (2013). Representations of Russians and Portuguese about each other: similarities and diff erences in cultures. In: A. V. Mal’gin (ed.). Intercultural communication: modern theory and practice (Proceedings of the VII RAMI Convention September 2012): Scientifi c publication. M.: ZAO Izdatel’stvo «Aspekt Press».

150. Mikhal’ski, N. (2013). Link between social trust and human values in Europe. Retrieved February 1, 2022, from https://iq.hse.ru/news/177668617.html

151. Polterovich, V. M., Dmitriev, M. E., Yakovlev, A. A., Gurvich, E. T., & Auzan, A. A. (2017). The fate of economic programs and reforms in Russia (Proceedings of the roundtable discussion at the XVIII April international academic conference on economic and social development). Voprosy Ekonomiki, 6, 22–44. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-622-44

152. Polterovich, V. M. (2018). Towards a general theory of socio-economic development. Part 1. Geography, institutions or culture? Voprosy ekonomiki, 11, 5–26. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-11-5-26

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