Благополучие членов российских домохозяйств с учетом данных о распределении времени

В статье описан новый подход к оценке благополучия как многомерного конструкта с учетом структуры распределения суточного времени, при контроле базовых социально-демографических характеристик индивидов. Целью работы является подтверждение наличия связи между благополучием и решениями, принимаемыми в отношении распределения времени. С использованием данных Выборочного наблюдения использования суточного фонда времени населением, методом множественных индикаторов и множественных причин (MIMIC) была осуществлена одновременная оценка ненаблюдаемой переменной благополучия и ее связи со структурой использования времени. В качестве индикаторов благополучия рассматривалась «большая тройка» ключевых показателей – материальная компонента (доход) и уровень человеческого капитала (оценки здоровья и уровень образования). Результаты оценки показали, что наибольшая факторная нагрузка при формировании ненаблюдаемой переменной благополучия в молодом возрасте приходится на переменную дохода, а в старшем возрасте акцент смещается в сторону здоровья и образования. Подтверждена гипотеза о наличии связи между конструктом благополучия и распределением времени на различные виды деятельности. Было выявлено, что связь благополучия с такими видами деятельности, как оплачиваемая занятость и домашний труд нелинейна (обратная U-образная и U-образная соответственно), что позволяет говорить о наличии некоторых оптимальных временных границ для каждого из рассматриваемых видов деятельности. Предложенная методология может быть адаптирована для рассмотрения менее укрупненных категорий (например, индивидов из многодетных семей или из семей с одним родителем) и выявления путей точечного регуляторного воздействия с целью повышения уровня благополучия.

1. Аникин, В. А., Нагерняк, М. А., & Воронина, Н. Д. (2024). Концепция благополучия в общественных науках. Мониторинг общественного мнения: экономические и социальные перемены, 6(184).

2. Антипина О. Н., Миклашевская Н. А., & Орлова Е. А. (2025). Критика макроэкономических индикаторов благосостояния и альтернативные подходы к его оценке. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 6. Экономика, 1.

3. Антонов, А. И., Карпова, В. М., & Ляликова, С. В. (2024). Времени в обрез: сколько времени россияне уделяют заботе о собственных детях? Народонаселение, 3.

4. Воронина, Н. Д., Михайлова, Н. С., Нагерняк, М. А., & Тер-Акопов, С. А. (2023). Развитие комплексных подходов к измерению благополучия и качества жизни и учет показателей человеческого потенциала. Образовательная политика, 3(95).

5. Епихина, Ю. Б., Черныш, М. Ф., Сушко, П. Е., Шилова, В. А., & Лысухо, А. С. (2020). Субъективное и объективное благополучие в современном российском обществе: результаты эмпирического исследования. Информационно-аналитический бюллетень (ИНАБ), 1. https://doi.org/10.19181/INAB.2020.1.

6. Журавлёв, И. В. (2016). Развитие благосостояния домохозяйств в России: базовые категории исследования. Социально-экономические явления и процессы, 5.

7. Калабихина, И. Е., Башкирова, К. Ю., & Борисенко, Я. А. (2022). Помогает ли гендерное равенство в благополучии многодетных семей? Вестник Института экономики Российской академии наук, 5, 77–96. https://doi.org/10.52180/2073-6487_2022_5_77_96.

8. Лэйард, Р. (2012). Счастье: уроки новой науки: пер. с англ. И. Кушнаревой. М.: Изд. Института Гайдара, 416.

9. Римашевская Н. М., Мигранова Л. А., & Молчанова Е. В. (2011). Факторы, влияющие на состояние здоровья населения России. Народонаселение, 1 (51).

10. Adena, M., Hamermesh, D., Myck, M. & Oczkowska, М. (2023). Home Alone: Widows’ Well-Being and Time. Journal of Happiness Studies, 24, 813–838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-023-00622-w.

11. Álvarez, B. & Miles-Touya, D. (2016). Time Allocation and Women’s Life Satisfaction: Evidence from Spain. Social Indicators Research, 129, 1207–1230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1159-3.

12. Bashkirova, K. (2024). Determinants of health of Russia’s population based on daily time allocation data. Population and Economics, 8(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3897/popecon.8.e116960.

13. Baucells, M., & Sarin, R. K. (2007). Happiness and Time Allocation. UCLA: Decisions, Operations, and Technology Management. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1fn1v5cv

14. Bautista, T. G., Roman, G., Khan, M., Lee, M., Sahbaz, S., Duthely, L. M., Knippenberg, A., Macias-Burgos, M. A., Davidson, A., Scaramutti, C., Gabrilove, J., Pusek, S., Mehta, D., & Bredella, M. A. (2023). What is well-being? A scoping review of the conceptual and operational defi nitions of occupational well-being. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 7(1), e227. https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2023.648.

15. Bird, C. E. (1999). Gender, household labor, and psychological distress: The impact of the amount and division of housework. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40(1), 32–45.

16. Bjørndal, L. D., Nes, R. B., Czajkowski, N., & Røysamb, E. (2023). The structure of wellbeing: A single underlying factor with genetic and environmental infl uences. Quality of Life Research, 32, 2805–2816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-023-03437-7.

17. Blanchflower, D. G. (2008). International Evidence on Well-Being. Working Paper No. w14318, National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w14318.

18. Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2004). Well-being over time in Britain and the USA. Journal of Public Economics, 88(7–8), 1359–1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S00472727(02)00168-8.

19. Böhnke, P. (2005). First European Quality of Life Survey: Life satisfaction, happiness and sense of belonging. Social Science Research Centre (WZB). Berlin.

20. Boniwell, I., & Osin, E. (2015) Beyond time management: time use, performance and well-being. Organizational psychology, 5, 85–104.

21. Borga, L., D’Ambrosio, C., & Lepinteur, A. (2022). Economic Perspectives on Individual Well-being. In: Heinen, A., Samuel, R., Vögele, C., Willems, H. (eds) Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit im Jugendalter. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-65835744-3_4.

22. Burton, P., & Phipps, S. (2011). Families, Time, and Well-Being in Canada. Canadian Public Policy. Analyse de Politiques, 37(3), 395–423. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23050187.

23. Chaaban, J., Irani, A. & Khoury, A. (2016). The Composite Global Well-Being Index (CGWBI): A New Multi-Dimensional Measure of Human Development. Social Indicators Research, 129, 465–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1112-5

24. Chang, C., Gardiner, J., Houang, R., & Yu, Y. (2020). Comparing multiple statistical software for multiple-indicator, multiple-cause modeling: an application of gender disparity in adult cognitive functioning using MIDUS II dataset. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 20 (275). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-020-01150-4.

25. Chowdhury, O. H. (1991). Human Development Index: A Critique. The Bangladesh Development Studies, 19(3), 125–127. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40795411.

26. Clark, A. E., Kamesaka, A., & Tamura, T. (2015). Rising aspirations dampen satisfaction. Education Economics, 23(5), 515–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2015.1042960.

27. Cui, D., Wei, X., Wu, D., Cui, N., & Nij kamp, P. (2019). Leisure time and labor productivity: a new economic view rooted from sociological perspective. Economics: The OpenAccess, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 13. https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.201936.

28. Dahm, P. C., Glomb, T. M., Manchester, C. F., & Leroy, S. (2015). Work – family confl ict and self-discrepant time allocation at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(3), 767–792. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038542.

29. Das, K. V., Jones-Harrell, C., Fan, Y., Ramaswami, A., Orlove, B., & Botchwey, N. (2020). Understanding subjective well-being: perspectives from psychology and public health. Public Health Reviews, 41(25). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-020-00142-5.

30. Dolan, P., & Peasgood, T. (2008). Measuring Well-Being for Public Policy: Preferences or Experiences?The Journal of Legal Studies, 37(S2), S5–S31. https://doi.org/10.1086/595676.

31. Dolan, P., Peasgood, T., & White, M. (2008). Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29(1), 94–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2007.09.001.

32. Dong, R., Wu, H., Ni, S., & Lu, T. (2023). The nonlinear consequences of working hours for job satisfaction: The moderating role of job autonomy. Current Psychology, 42, 11849– 11870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02463-3.

33. D’Acci, L. (2011) Measuring Well-Being and Progress. Social Indicators Research, 104, 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9717-1.

34. Easterlin, R. A. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. In P. A. David & M. W. Reder (Eds.), Nations and households in economic growth: Essays in honor of Moses Abramovitz (p. 89–125). Academic Press.

35. Field, J. (2009). Good for your soul? Adult learning and mental well-being. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 28(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370902757034.

36. Floro, M. (1995). Economic Restructuring, Gender and the Allocation of Time. World Development, 23(11), 1913–1929. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00092-Q.

37. Gasper, D. (2005). Subjective and Objective Well-Being in Relation to Economic Inputs: Puzzles and Responses. Review of Social Economy, 63(2), 177–206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29770304.

38. Giménez-Nadal, J. I. & Velilla, J. (2024). Home-based work, time allocations, and subjective well-being: gender diff erences in the United Kingdom. Empirica, 51, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-023-09590-z.

39. Glass, J., & Fujimoto, T. (1994). Housework, Paid Work, and Depression Among Husbands and Wives. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35(2), 179–191. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137364.

40. Hawkins, J. (2014). The Four Approaches to Measuring Wellbeing. In A. Podger & D. Trewin (Eds.), Measuring and Promoting Wellbeing: How Important is Economic Growth? (p. 191–208). ANU Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wp80q.11.

41. Helliwell, J. F. (2008). Life Satisfaction and Quality of Development. Working Paper No. w14507, National Bureau of Economic Research.

42. Helliwell, J. F., & Barrington-Leigh, C. P. (2010). Viewpoint: Measuring and understanding subjective well-being. The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue Canadienne d’Economique, 43(3), 729–753. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40800714.

43. Holly, S. & Mohnen, A. (2012). Impact of Working Hours on Work-Life Balance. SOEPpaper, 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2135453.

44. Jalal Ahamed, A. F. M. (2024). The Pursuit of Subjective Well-Being Through Financial Well-Being, Relationship Quality, and Spiritual Well-Being: A Confi guration Approach with Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 46, 784–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-024-09968-6.

45. Jewczak, M. & Korczak, K. (2023). Measuring welfare with the use of the MIMIC approach: evidence for Poland. GeoJournal, 88, 5109–5127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708023-10910-w.

46. Jongbloed, J. (2018). Higher education for happiness? Investigating the impact of education on the hedonic and eudaimonic well-being of Europeans. European Educational Research Journal, 17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904118770818.

47. Jöreskog, K. G., & Goldberger, A. S. (1975). Estimation of a Model with Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes of a Single Latent Variable. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 70(351a), 631–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1975.10482485.

48. Juster, F. T., & Staff ord, F. P. (1991). The Allocation of Time: Empirical Findings, Behavioral Models, and Problems of Measurement. Journal of Economic Literature, 29(2), 471–522. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2727521.

49. Kalenkoski, C. & Hamrick, K. (2014). Time Poverty Thresholds in the USA. In: Michalos, A. C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3704.

50. King, M. F., Renó, V. F. & Novo, E. M. L. M. (2014). The Concept, Dimensions and Methods of Assessment of Human Well-Being within a Socioecological Context: A Literature Review. Social Indicators Research, 116, 681–698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0320-0.

51. Krishnakumar, J. (2007). Going Beyond Functionings to Capabilities: An Econometric Model to Explain and Estimate Capabilities. Journal of Human Development, 8(1).

52. Kwarciński, T., Ulman, P. & Wdowin, J. (2024). Measuring Subjective Well-being Capability: A Multi-Country Empirical Analysis in Europe. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 19, 2555–2593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-024-10334-9.

53. Layard, R., Clark, A. E., Cornaglia, F., Powdthavee, N., & Vernoit, J. (2014). What Predicts a Successful Life? A Life-Course Model of Well-Being. The Economic Journal, 124(580), F720–F738. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12170.

54. Liu, S., & Heshmati, A. (2023). Relationship between education and well-being in China. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 25, 123–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847022-00193-1.

55. Livingston, V., Jackson-Nevels, B. & Reddy, V. (2022). Social, Cultural, and Economic Determinants of Well-Being. Encyclopedia, 2(3), 1183–1199. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2030079.

56. Maggino, F. (2015). Subjective well-being and subjective aspects of well-being: methodology and theory. Rivista Internazionale Di Scienze Sociali, 123(1), 89–121. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43830384.

57. Martinetti, E. C. (2000). A multidimensional assessment of well-being based on Sen’s functioning approach. Rivista Internazionale Di Scienze Sociali, 108(2), 207–239. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41634742.

58. Merz, J. (2002). Time and Economic Well–Being — A Panel Analysis of Desired versus Actual Working Hours. Review of Income and Wealth, 48, 317–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4991.00057.

59. Merz, J., & Rathjen, T. (2014). Time And Income Poverty: An Interdependent Multidimensional Poverty Approach With German Time Use Diary Data. Review of Income and Wealth, 60, 450–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12117.

60. Michalos, A. C. (2008). Education, Happiness and Wellbeing. Social Indicators Research, 87(3), 347–366. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27734669.

61. Mora, T., & Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2009) The job satisfaction gender gap among young recent university graduates: Evidence from Catalonia. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(4), 581–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2009.02.003.

62. Murtin, F. & Zanobetti, L. (2024) The Art of Living Well: Cultural Participation and Well-Being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 9, 1763–1790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-024-10306-z.

63. Mutz, M., Reimers, A. K., & Demetriou, Y. (2021) Leisure Time Sports Activities and Life Satisfaction: Deeper Insights Based on a Representative Survey from Germany. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16, 2155–2171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-020-09866-7.

64. Nikolaev, B. (2018). Does Higher Education Increase Hedonic and Eudaimonic Happiness? Journal of Happiness Studies, 19, 483–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-0169833-y.

65. OECD. (2011). How’s Life?: Measuring Well-being. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264121164-en.

66. Posey, C., Roberts, T. L., Lowry, P. B. & Bennett, R. J. (2015) Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) Models as a Mixed-Modeling Technique: A Tutorial and an Annotated Examplе.. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 36(11). https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.03611.

67. Rahman, T., Mittelhammer, R. C., & Wandschneider, P. R. (2004). A latent variable MIMIC approach to inferring the quality of life. In Proceedings of the 2004 Annual Meeting of the American Agricultural Economics Association (August 1–4, Denver, CO).

68. Rebrey, S. M. (2023). Involved fatherhood in Russia. Population and Economics, 7(3), 48–69. https://doi.org/10.3897/popecon.7.e107546.

69. Robinson, J., & Godbey, G. (1999). Time for Life: The Surprising Ways Americans Use Their Time. (2nd ed.). Pennsylvania State University Press.

70. Ruggeri, K., Garcia-Garzon, E., Maguire, Á., Matz, S. & Huppert, F. A. (2020). Well-being is more than happiness and life satisfaction: a multidimensional analysis of 21 countries. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 18(192). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955020-01423-y.

71. Rutskiy, V. N., Salguero García, D., Denisova, E., Fukalyak A., Okashev, N., Devederkin, I., Bystrova, N., Eliseeva, E., & Tsarev, R. (2023). Modeling the Well-Being of the Population and Its Factors Using the Well-Being Index. In R. Silhavy & P. Silhavy (Eds.), Networks and systems in cybernetics: CSOC 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems (Vol. 723, p. 605–614). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35317-8_55.

72. Sacks, D. W., Stevenson, B. & Wolfers, J. (2010). Subjective Well-Being, Income, Economic Development and Growth. Working Paper No 16441. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w16441.

73. Salinas Jiménez, M., Artés, J., & Salinas-Jiménez, J. (2012). How do educational attainment and occupational and wage-earner statuses aff ect life satisfaction? A gender perspective study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 367–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902012-9334-6.

74. Sen, A. (1979). The welfare basis of real income comparisons: A survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 17(1), 1–45. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2723639.

75. Sen, A. (1988). The concept of development. In Handbook of Development Economics, 1, 9–26. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01004-6

76. Shao, Q. (2022). Does less working time improve life satisfaction? Evidence from European Social Survey. Health Economics Review, 12(50). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561022-00396-6.

77. Sheldon, K. M, Cummins, R. & Kamble, S. (2010). Life balance and well-being: testing a novel conceptual and measurement approach. Journal of Personality, 78, 1093–1134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00644.x.

78. Stutzer, A. (2003). The Role of Income Aspirations in Individual Happiness. Zurich IEER Working Paper No. 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.375961.

79. Stutzer, A., & Frey, B. S. (2006). Does marriage make people happy, or do happy people get married? The Journal of Socio-Economics, 35(2), 326–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.043.

80. Stutzer, A. & Frey, B. S. (2012). Recent developments in the economics of happiness: A selective overview, IZA Discussion Paper No. 7078, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).

81. Sumner, A. (2004). Economic Well-being and Non-economic Well-being: A Review of the Meaning and Measurement of Poverty. WIDER Working Paper Series RP2004-30, World Institute for Development Economic Research.

82. van Praag, B. M. S., Frij ters, P. & Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2003). The anatomy of subjective well-being, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, 51(1), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(02)00140-3.

83. Veenhoven, R. (1996). Developments in satisfaction-research. Social Indicators Research, 37, 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00300268.

84. Velleman, J. D. (2015). Well-Being and Time. In Beyond Price: Essays on Birth and Death (1st ed., p. 141–174). Open Book Publishers. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt17w8gwg.9.

85. Voukelatou, V., Gabrielli, L., Miliou, I., Cresci, S., Sharma, R., Tesconi, M., & Pappalardo, L. (2021). Measuring objective and subjective well-being: Dimensions and data sources. International Journal of Data Science and Analytics, 11, 279–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-020-00224-2.

86. Wajcman, J. (2008). Life in the fast lane? Towards a sociology of technology and time. The British Journal of Sociology, 59(1), 59–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14684446.2007.00182.x.

87. Wei, X., Qu, H. & Ma, E. (2016). How Does Leisure Time Aff ect Production Effi ciency? Evidence from China, Japan, and the US. Social Indicators Research, 127, 101–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0962-1.

88. Wilson Fadij i, A. & Lomas, T. (2024). Understanding the Association Between Education and Wellbeing: An Exploration of the Gallup World Poll. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 19, 2467–2501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-024-10335-8.

89. World Bank. (1980). World Development Report 1980. Oxford University Press. Yamaguchi, S. & Oshima, H. (2024). Analysis of the Relationship Between Residential Environment and Multifaceted Well-Being. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 7, 467–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-024-00219-y.

90. Yang, L. (2018). Measuring Well-being: A Multidimensional Index Integrating Subjective Well-being and Preferences. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 19(4), 456–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2018.1474859.

91. Zwierzchowski, J. & Panek, T. (2020). Measurement of Subjective Well-being under Capability Approach in Poland. Polish Sociological Review, 210(2), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.26412/psr210.02.