The article provides a theoretical understanding of crisis as a manifestation of capital accumulation. The process of over-accumulation in the pre-crisis period becomes visible in a particular dynamics of interrelated indicators — growth of investments, employment, wages, and reduction in unemployment. Two options: (1) if investments grow faster than employment, this is an evidence of a large-scale impending crisis, (2) if at a similar or slower pace, then this is an evidence of a smaller scale of the crisis. Over-accumulation results in crisis as a sharp drop in the general rate of profit. Overcoming the crisis and restoring the values of the general rate of profit is accompanied by the depreciation of accumulated capital, reduction in investment, increase in unemployment, and drop in wages. The authors introduce the indicator of macroeconomic rate of return, an exoteric estimate of Marx’s general rate of profit, and present the calculation of macroeconomic rate of return in the US economy for the period of 1929–2018 and the Russian economy for the period of 1995–2018. The paper shows that the theory of crisis is confirmed by the statistics of world economic crises of the past three decades, US statistics for 1929–1970 and statistics of the Russian economy.

The paper attempts to analyze artificial intelligence (AI) and Big Data phenomenon as institutions of new technological generation of economy, referring to A. P. Loktev’s concept of ‘Internet as metainstitution’. The represented institutional conception of artificial intelligence is based on A. A. Zinoviev’s fundamental intellectology study as an integrated set of all sciences. The authors confirm that weakening of natural intelligence in the contemporary world is offset by artificial intelligence development within the framework of digit-induced technology. The research evolves Yu.M. Osipov’s thesis that artificial intelligence is closer to modern neuro=cyber=technicized human being than to robotized technics as it is. The article provides the findings on artificial intelligence and Big Data drawing on evidence from Russia and some European countries. The authors identify the reasons for institutional traps mostly presented in the form of inefficient institutions that run contrary to certain human rights and emerge with introduction of artificial intelligence into the economic activity.

This paper is an analysis of the Norwegian fish cartel in Russia that existed from 2011 to 2013 and its impact on the average consumer prices on salmon on the Russian market during the same period. The analysis involves applying two methods — “before-and-after” and “difference-in-differences”. From an economics standpoint, the analysis of the decision made by the Federal Antimonopoly Service of Russia regarding the Norwegian fish cartel is interesting, because the verdict was overturned by the supreme court of Moscow. The study shows that there were no negative effects on the Russian consumer market in association with the case №1 11/109-12, which points to the lack of economic evidence behind the verdict put forward by FAS.

The digital economy and sharing platforms generate new types of mechanisms, ensuring credible commitments. Transparency and bilateral rating systems for both consumers and producers constrain opportunistic behavior, thus creating trust. The main hypothesis is that sharing companies and platforms act as a substitute for institutional trust. Countrylevel data analysis shows that there is a negative correlation between the sharing economy index and institutional trust and a positive correlation between the sharing economy index and institutional quality. The findings support the idea that as sharing companies can compensate for the lack of institutional trust and stimulate economic transactions, they are especially useful in the countries with a low level of trust.

The continuous search for responsible and sustainable practices in the tourism industry paves the way for alternative approaches to tourism development. Tourists need a quality product, local communities need jobs, and business needs profit. To achieve these goals, as well as preserve the results for future generations, it is necessary to consider economic, social, environmental and ethical factors in a tourism planning. All these tasks can be met within the sustainable tourism development concept. The purpose of this study is to address a gap in knowledge by conceptualizing sustainable tourism development as a more holistic economic strategy. Using social capital as a theoretical lens, this paper explores the ways which facilitate sustainable tourism planning. The basic research approaches of social capital in tourism are described with respect to their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the specifics of use for the Russian tourism industry. The future research directions were suggested at the conclusion.

The research is devoted to the suppliers influence on hospital work on the example of Moscow public procurement in hospitals. An agency model defining the hospital interaction stages with suppliers were constructed. Using the descriptive statistics method and graphical data analysis, procurement was considered with the author’s database including 512 681 contracts of 1,2 trillion rubles for 2011–2019. The supplier’s work strategies and their fallouts for the services were emphasized. The criteria the suppliers must have to the contract execution were developed. The hypothesis was tested that suppliers selected in a competitive way ensure the effective procurement for hospitals. The empirical analysis showed that drug procurement had a strong competition at auctions and budget savings. The findings concluded that the suppliers play various roles in hospital work. The favourable situation is that the supplier fulfills the contract delivering quality procurement at an affordable price, in full and due time.

One of the main factors in the formation of motivation to improve the quality and performance of employees of health care providers is a qualitatively and logically built wage system in a medical organization. The basis for calculating an employee’s salary is the amount of the salary, on the basis of which its other elements are established — compensation and incentive payments, other charges. This article is devoted to the study of regulatory issues related to the determination of the salary of employees of medical organizations. Object of study. The system of remuneration of employees of medical organizations. Subject of study. The salary of employees of medical organizations. Purpose of the study. The article discusses the problems of the current system of remuneration in health care, as well as theregulations governing the determination of the size of the official salary of employees of medical organizations. The main theoretical position of the article. The salary of medical workers has a high differentiation even between the subjects of one federal district. Federal legislation regarding the approaches to the wage system is advisory in nature. Therefore, the official salary of doctors of one qualification level, approved at the level of each subject of the Russian Federation, may differ by 5 times. It is substantiated that in order to reduce the differentiation in the size of salaries for medical workers, it is necessary to establish the basic parameters that are uniform throughout the Russian Federation, including the sizes of official salaries of employees of medical organizations. It is advisable to use the value of the minimum wage, annually approved by the Government of the Russian Federation in an amount not lower than the living wage, as the minimum size of the official salary. Scope of the research results. The results can be used as the basis for the policy of improving the remuneration system for employees of federal medical organizations.

Digital transformation and rapid development of Internet technologies in the past decade have contributed to the emergence of an innovative business model of collaborative consumption [Sheresheva, Katsoni, 2019] and the spread of collaborative consumption services (CCS). This study attempts to identify the factors that influence consumers’ decision to use CCS, drawing on generation differences formulated on the basis of generation theory, with a particular focus on Russian consumers. The factors highlighted as a result of systematization of existing studies have been tested on the data of a quantitative study conducted in the form of an online survey with a sample of 3635 Russian users of CCS. An explanatory factor analysis (EFA) helps the authors construct the framework of factors that influence the decision of three generations of consumers (X, Y, and Z) to use CCS. The analysis of variance between the groups (ANOVA) highlights the generation differences that affect the decision to use the CCS by representatives of three generations. The identified generation features are of both theoretical significance, serving as a basis for further research, and practical value for business, mitigating the risks of introducing new CCS to the market, allowing for the needs of various generations of users.

Companies use humor and memes in advertising to speak the same language with consumers and improve communication. The meme is like a good joke: everyone understands it. Drawing on the study of 448 Russian consumers, the authors reveal the degrees of influence of such factors as entertainment, informativeness and irritation on the value of video advertising with memes. All the three factors influence the advertising value, with informativeness of advertising being of highest influence. The set of factors and degrees of influence depend on consumer’s readiness to accept innovations. The innovators are influenced by two factors out of three - informativeness and entertainment, where the latter influences the innovators most. Irritation has no influence on advertising value altogether. Advertising designers and companies can use the findings to predict the changes in advertising value based on the changes in the factors of advertising perception.

The purpose of the paper is to find the ways to solve problems that arise in the work of the Federal Labor Inspectorate to improve the effectiveness of its monitoring and supervisory activities. The article examines the legislative and regulatory documents, treats most urgent violations in the field of labor legislation, assesses the risk-oriented approach to determining the entities controlled. Drawing on the assessment of legal acts that regulate the procedure for carrying out inspections, the authors make proposals to amend certain provisions of the current legislation in the area under study. The article proposes an additional determinant of employers’ classification for the appointment of a scheduled inspection based on the likelihood of informal registration of workers and informal payments.

Lack of transparency predetermines the shortage of private investment in small business. Financial statement presents the only source of information which reflects the performance of a company but does not provide the investor with sufficient data for proper decision making. Therefore, it is mandatory to develop a set of key performance indicators that will assess the viability of a company and reduce investment risks. Specific nature of small business determines the need to use a minimum number of parameters. To develop the system, the author examines two groups of enterprises: with a bankruptcy claim and without it. The data set consists of financial statement indicators and economic indicators. The use of random forest methods and gradient boosting confirmed the existence of differentiating parameters between successful and unsuccessful businesses: short-term accounts payable, profitability ratio, revenue trend, equity to total assets, receivables index, gain and loss on sale. The established system offers high accuracy for company’s success/bankruptcy forecast. Applying the findings will ensure greater transparency and investment attractiveness of small businesses.

The article investigates the conceptual provisions of the theory of industrial crises of M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky, which marked the shift of emphasis from the analysis of exogenous factors to the in-depth study of on-farm phenomena of economic instability. Mechanisms and levels of pricing are revealed. The role of monetary instruments of market regulation and the influence of state monetary policy at the moment of transition from the “fake” recovery to the crisis are revealed. The “monetary version” of the phenomenon of the “price revolution” by M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky as a function of the transformation of the economic system is shown. The article traces the development of the views of Russian economists (at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries) on the problems of crises. The “conjunctural” theory of money of M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky is considered in the article as a logical conclusion of his theory of cyclic development of economy. The author concludes that the theory of industrial crises and the conjunctural theory of money of M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky characterize the national economy as a multi-level integrated economic system that combines micro-and macroeconomic processes.