The article reveals the trends of modern crisis processes in the economy, which more and more clearly highlight the signs of a new reality. The authors note that in recent years, political and economic contradictions have been growing at an accelerated pace, integration interactions are slowing down, social paradigm is aggravating, the environmental crisis is taking on global proportions, and the stagnation of the economy is increasing. These crisis processes alternate, intersect, are being resolved, however, the range of opportunities for solving accumulated problems and conditions for further development becomes critical. The authors explore many specific manifestations of the new economic reality, including the deepening gap between economic theory and practice, identifying the contradictions that arise here and attracting the possibilities of political economy theory, system economics, and the potential of interdisciplinary knowledge. These manifestations are considered in a continuous set of space and time of the subject matter of research. The authors demonstrate the necessity to comply fundamental developments in the field of economic theory with the need to develop the foundations of state economic policy, risk management assessment, and creative approach to human capital. Based on this, conclusions are drawn on the need for a holistic theoretical and methodological description of the new economic reality, the definition of its subject area, the use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress for the intensive development of the economy and the correct definition of methods and tools for solving the problems of the new reality. The authors believe that the new reality that emerged in the socio-economic system after the financial crisis of 2008–2009 and clearly manifested in strong shocks that hit the world community in 2020–2022 is pushing economic theory to move as quickly as possible to the level of development, meeting practical requirements. In the process of research, the authors used the possibilities of a dialectical method, systemic and evolutionary approaches, as well as such theories as: the mode of production; socio-economic transformations; creative and innovative economy; threshold measures in phenomenon development.

This article addresses the interpreting results of recursive system of binary equations estimation in the case when the system does not satisfy exclusion restriction conditions. It means that the equation defining the endogenous variable does not contain a unique covariate. This article extends the analysis of previous studies on the identifiability of parameters of recursive binary systems by analyzing the conditions for the identifiability of probabilities, marginal effects and treatment effects. We provide a reasonable consideration suggesting that even if parameters of the model are unidentifiable, it is still possible to estimate accurately the conditional probabilities and marginal effects, but not the treatment effects. The problem of identifiability discussed in the paper is also considered on real data. We estimate the probability of purchasing medicine depending on individuals’ characteristics and the fact of visiting a doctor. An important practical contribution of the work is the recommendation for researchers to interpret the result recursive binary system estimation via marginal effects in the case when it is not possible to include at least one unique variable in the equation for the binary covariate.

In the current geopolitical and economic situation, the relevance of developing domestic segment of entrepreneurs is increasing due to the accelerated formation of new enterprises capable of ensuring economic stability in the Russian regions. One of the most important factors determining the prospects for such formation is the financial conditions for starting an activity. The analysis of this problem is still poorly presented in domestic scientific literature, there are no systematic studies of it. This article eliminates this gap and aims to study the impact of bank lending volume, together with attracted funds of the population as a source of financing new entrepreneurship, on the dynamics of new entries. For the period of 2012–2021, the author reveals multidirectional trends of such dynamics in the segments of commercial companies and individual entrepreneurs in the Russian regions. A significant interregional differentiation has been established both in terms of the parameters forming new enterprises and regional financial conditions. The development of negative trends in the field of SME lending is stated. A model is proposed that substantiates a significant influence of financial factors on the dynamics of business entries in the segments of commercial companies and sole proprietors. This dynamics is also influenced by a number of other economic conditions – the state of regional labor markets, the population and its real incomes, the number of economic entities, etc. Against the background of negative expectations in the economy and a decline in business activity, a sharp deterioration in the financial security of new enterprises is viewed as possible. Regional policy should stimulate the development of entrepreneurship through simplifying the access of entrepreneurs to sources of financing, reducing the cost of borrowed funds. Anti-crisis government policies of 2022 also have a certain potential to solve the problems of financing new enterprises.

The economic development of the off-shore territories of the Arctic zone is characterized by certain advantages and risks associated with the geographical location. Territorial formations of the ASRF have unequal economic structure and different levels of economic development, harsh climatic conditions, preferential economic and legal regime, etc. Territories develop unevenly: some territories have steady economic growth, others are characterized by processes of stagnation, still others are characterized by degradation and devastation. The object of the research is the coastal territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, and the subject is the process of their economic development. The aim is to study the process of development of coastal cities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, on the example of the Karelian Arctic and the Arkhangelsk region. The study is based on the use of hardware for comparative analysis and assessment of indicators of coastal territories' development. The novelty of the study is the use of the rank method and the calculation of σ-variance coefficient, which allow to determine the presence of regional heterogeneity in its dynamics in the context of coastal cities of the ASRF, on the example of the Karelian Arctic and the Arkhangelsk region. The results determined the presence of a gap between the urban settlements under consideration. The assessment of the inequality of some indicators demonstrates the trend of coastal cities to convergence, other indicators in the context of coastal cities steadily diverge. Large urban settlements break away from other cities of the European North. Small urban settlements of coastal location - Kem, Kandalaksha, Belomorsk - are characterized by a low level of development. The findings may serve as the basis to form the strategic and program documents, and can be also used as additional material, while analyzing the coastal cities of the AZRF and the dynamics of their development.

The entrepreneurial community constantly sends signals about the demand for young employees, representatives of the generation of the centennials. Various studies of young generation workers do not analyze the opinions of employers regarding the changes in the structure of human resource management, while knowing the characteristics of generation Z can help companies adjust to their interests in recruitment, selection and retention of young employees. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to identify the attitudes of the entrepreneurial community towards young employees on the example of old industrial region of the Southern Federal District — the Volgograd region. The data for the analysis are obtained through an anonymous survey of entrepreneurial structures without reference to their size and form of ownership using ≪Google-form≫ platform in the period from May 15 to September 01, 2022. The questionnaire was distributed through the Union ≪Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Volgograd region≫, the portal of state support of business of Volgograd region ≪My Business≫ and through personal contacts. The total sample was 214 enterprises. The survey showed that small enterprises of the Volgograd region have quite high requirements for young employees and do not have information about the changes in the structure of human resource management. Employers want employees to be creative, proactive, have knowledge of specialized computer programs and experience in the relevant field, but they are not ready to offer them high wages. Generation Z workers expect organizations to provide career development, but business structures in this regard are only willing to pay for training or refresher courses, internships in other regions, and the provision of discounted trips. Russian entrepreneurs continue to ignore the needs, demands and values of young workers. Regional business support institutions should organize market research on the needs, values and demands of centennials in relation to employers. Entrepreneurs could pay special attention to implementing global and national best practices in meeting the needs of young employees.

The article assesses the effectiveness of state support policies for small businesses in conditions of federal budget deficit in the Russian Federation. The subject of the study is a methodology to assess the effectiveness of supporting small and medium–sized businesses. The purpose of the study is to develop a system to evaluate the effectiveness of state support for SMEs. The objectives of the study: to analyze the approaches to assess the effectiveness in Russia at large and abroad, to assess the effectiveness of state support measures for SMEs in Russia and abroad, to propose their own options for assessing the effectiveness of support measures, to present the practical application of the proposed methods. Research methodology: methods of system analysis, generalization, systematization, methods of statistical, dynamic, structural and comparative analysis. Research results: the article develops a system to evaluate the effectiveness of state support for small businesses, which includes several main indicators for evaluating the effectiveness (survival rate of recipients of state support by year; dynamics of average income; dynamics of the average number of employed; dynamics of the average amount of taxes paid by SMEs), as well as an algorithm to conduct an assessment based on a comparison of selected indicators for a group of SMEs that received support with indicators of small and medium-sized enterprises that were not participants in the relevant government programs. Using the proposed assessment system based on the statistical data of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation, an analysis of the effectiveness of state support measures for SMEs in general and in the context of individual forms of support in the period 2019–2022 was carried out. Based on the significant deviation of the selected indicators of SME recipients of support from the average values in the whole SME sector (and/or in relation to SMEs that did not receive support), a conclusion is made about the high efficiency of state support for SMEs. It is also established that the impact of various forms of state support on the functioning of SMEs is different.

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the possibilities of using network approach in social entrepreneurship as one of the key tools for the sustainability of social enterprises. The authors first consider the approaches to determine the nature of social entrepreneurship in general, as well as the prerequisites for applying network approach in social entrepreneurship in particular. Such a preliminary theoretical review is important, since despite the popularity of the concept “social entrepreneurship”, at the same time we observe great uncertainty and fragmentation in the theory of social entrepreneurship, in matters of legislative regulation and state support in this area. Defining the essence of social entrepreneurship through the prism of institutional analysis is most relevant, since it is an approach that makes it possible to correlate the benefits and costs of a particular form of organization at a fundamental level, to cover the phenomenon at large, and not just individual manifestations of its features. The effectiveness of the application of the network approach in various forms of organizations has long been proven both in the new institutional economic theory and in various management concepts. The application of network approach in social entrepreneurship is also relevant. The article considers certain implications in applying this form of organization of economic interaction in the field of social entrepreneurship. The paper presents the results of an empirical study conducted in February-April 2022 among Russian entrepreneurs while preparing for the interregional expert session ≪Entrepreneurial networks as a factor in the sustainable development of the territory≫. The survey conducted by the method of questioning, including closed and open questions involved 115 people from 30 regions of Russia - owners and founders of small and medium-sized businesses. The paper concludes with presenting possible ways of applying the results of empirical research for the development of network forms of organization in social entrepreneurship.

The paper addresses the development of a multidimensional model of consumer trust of online services users, including such dimensions as trust in the effectiveness of regulatory activities of the state, consumer trust in online services, interpersonal trust, and predisposition to trust. Consumer trust studies in Russia are conducted primarily either in an offline context, or with an emphasis on only one of the dimensions of trust, at the same time Russian studies are mainly conceptual. The presented study is the first in Russia conducted using empirical tools and analyzing consumer trust as a multidimensional construct in an online context. The object of the empirical study is the users of online services – representatives of generations Y and Z, with the sample of the pilot study of 388 respondents, the Structural Equation Modeling method (PLS–SEM) used for analysis. The study reveals a significant influence of the predisposition to trust and the perceived effectiveness of the regulatory activities of the state on interpersonal trust. A significant positive influence of trust predisposition on the trust in online service is also confirmed, but no significant influence of the perceived effectiveness of the regulatory activity of the state on the trust in the online service was found. The study reveals a significant influence of interpersonal trust on trust in online services and the influence of trust in online services on consumers’ intention to use the service. The present effects of mediation and moderation are tested in the model. The presented research is relevant not only from a theoretical point of view, but also from a practical one, since the developed model allows us to identify the factors that form consumer trust in the online service. The findings demonstrate the perceived characteristics of the company which form consumer trust, and the factors that can reduce the negative impact of consumer distrust on the intention to use the service.

Film distribution market is a highly competitive one, which only emphasizes the need to optimize costs for the production and promotion of domestic films while increasing box office potential. The purpose of this research is to identify the primary choice drivers for movies in the movie theater in current market conditions as a required prerequisite for effective promotion. The results of a content analysis of open data tracker Cinema Viewer in 2021 allow us to identify several drivers defining the choice of moviegoers. They can be divided into two main categories: content elements and promotional elements. Among content elements, the most important are film's genre, plot, and cast. The most important promotional element is the trailer. Furthermore, two findings stand out among the results of this study, which require detailed research in the further works on the subject, as they can significantly influence the promotional strategies for film products in the Russian market. Firstly, the study showed that information itself, rather than its source, is more important for the viewer, which means that further optimization of marketing budgets is possible by reducing spending on most expensive platforms (primarily TV). Secondly, recommendations play just as important a role in the choice of film as advertising, which also makes it possible to optimize the marketing budget through social media marketing.

The article examines the possibilities of using harmonic analysis apparatus while planning the need in stocks of various categories. The issues of improving material planning (forecasting) are currently quite relevant applied tasks in business, and are also of interest in terms of developing the theory of logistics and supply chain management. Among the approaches to planning the need for inventory, a wide range of statistical theory methods are used in practice, among which two large groups can be distinguished, such as one-parameter time series analysis models for goods of stable and relatively stable demand, as well as correlation and regression models for chaotic consumption stocks. Most of the goods sold to end consumers have a seasonal component, which may not always be explicitly expressed in statistics. However, due to change of seasons, regular fluctuations in the values of consumption from the warehouse, around the average chronological or trend, may necessitate regular recalculation of the main parameters of inventory management models, such as maximum, insurance, threshold inventory levels, etc. In addition, sales statistics may contain fluctuations of a higher order if the stocks sold have life cycles of interest in goods on the market, which can also be attributed to periodic or quasi-periodic processes. One of the methods to formalize such cyclic processes can be trigonometric approximation or harmonic analysis, when the values of a time series are represented as terms of a Fourier series (harmonics) having corresponding amplitudes and phases. The article compares the effectiveness (accuracy) of forecasts of inventory requirements made using harmonic analysis and traditional time series extrapolation methods.

The pace and scale of digitalization of modern global information society opens up new business opportunities. At the same time, they pose new challenges for business owners and managers. Increasing digitalization has enabled various new forms of enterprise operation, but it has also forced companies to reflect on their current strategy early on. Given this fact, the aim of the study is to present the impact of digitalization on enterprise activities by stimulating the use of online sales through electronic distribution channels, social networks and mobile applications. To confirm this impact, the authors propose a comparative system for assessing the parameters of digitalization impact on the activities of an enterprise. On the basis of the developed ≪tree of goals≫, the dynamics of digitalization of services is projected and prospects for the development of this field of activity are outlined. To test the proposed methodology, a railway passenger transportation company (OJSC Russian Railways) was chosen as the object of study. Research methods used in the study include: 1) statistical; 2) SWOT analysis; 3) systematization, comparative and structural-dynamic analysis; 4) expert survey. As a result of identifying the impact of individual elements of digitalization on the level of activity, a number of recommendations are proposed for the development of digitalization of services for the sale of electronic tickets and their accounting for railway passenger transportation enterprises. Given the relevance of the topic under study, the structure is understood as a solid basis for further discussion and future research. Growth strategies for companies are identified and described, as well as the assets and capabilities required for successful digital transformation. A research program is proposed to stimulate the activities of enterprises in the field of digitalization.

The paper reflects the process of creation and presents the results of two-year work of a new master’s program “Business Development Management”. The authors were actively involved in the program’s design and its curriculum development to meet the requirements of contemporary management education. The paper presents the approaches to designing master’s programs and substantiates company’s life cycle concept as a basis for “Business Development Management” program, which involves a combination of disciplines forming students’ professional, soft, and digital skills. Drawing on the results of a first- and secondyear undergraduates’ survey, conducted in January 2023, this paper determines the factors influencing students’ interest in the program and assesses the quality of compulsory and elective disciplines. Finally, it identifies crucial problem areas in master’s education developing modern managers, shapes clearer description of a graduate of “Business Development Management” program, and outlines new areas for management education development. The authors propose to replace disciplines with poor scores and expand a list of elective courses (also taught in foreign language); strengthen the practical focus of the learning process; introduce e-learning modules and the best practices of business gamification, which will allow using the knowledge gained and the developed soft and digital skills without time gaps between education and employment. Our findings have implications both for examining management education transformation and for creating and upgrading master's degree programs in management.